The villes mortes (ghost towns) movement in Cameroon was particularly impressive, although the opposition failed to win the elections it had demanded, The two-year movement looked likely to defeat President Paul Biya, but in the October 1992 elections the opposition was divided between two political parties, and electoral fraud gained Biya a narrow majority (40%) over the Social Democratic Front (37%). This struggle is also better covered in English than many movements in Francophone states.

Gros, Jean-Germain The Hard Lessons of Cameroon, Vol. 6, issue 3 (July), 1995 , pp. 112-127

Includes comments on the role of the French government in supporting Biya.

Ngwane, Mwalimu The Power in the Writer: Collected essays on Culture, Democracy and Development in Africa, Bamenda and Oxford, Langaa and African Books Collective, 2008 , pp. 196

Chapter 14, pp. 81-95, specifically discusses the electoral performance of the opposition and criticises its lack of internal democracy.

Takougang, Joseph Africa State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon’s Political Crossroads, Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1998 , pp. 312

See also: Joseph Takougang, John Mukum Mbaku, The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon Under Paul Biya, Trenton NJ, Africa World Press, 2004 , pp. 563 .

Websites recommended

Cameroon: A flawed transition to democracy Westport CT and London Greenwood Press, 1998
The Hard Lessons of Cameroon , 1995

Includes comments on the role of the French government in supporting Biya.

The Power in the Writer: Collected essays on Culture, Democracy and Development in Africa Bamenda and Oxford Langaa and African Books Collective, 2008

Chapter 14, pp. 81-95, specifically discusses the electoral performance of the opposition and criticises its lack of internal democracy.