Volume One -> E. I. Africa - Sub-Saharan -> E. I.2. Resisting Repressive and Authoritarian Regimes -> E. I.2.1. Popular Movements for Multiparty Democracy: 1988-1992 -> E. I.2.1.a. Movements for Multi-Party Democracy in English-Speaking Countries -> E. I.2.1.a.i. Malawi and Zambia: Opposition Leads to Regime Change
E. I.2.1.a.i. - Zambia
Bratton, Michael Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia, In Jennifer A. Widner, Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Baltimore MD, John Hopkins University Press, 1994 , pp. 320 , pp. 101-128

Rakner, Lise Trade Unions in Processes of Democratization: A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia, Bergen, Norway, Christian Michelsen Institute, CMI Report, 1992 , pp. 6

Examines role of labour in the transition to multi-party democracy in 1991, and concludes that the trade union movement has remained autonomous from the state (despite efforts to incorporate it) and that this is the key reason why the unions led the transition.

Websites recommended

Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia Baltimore MD John Hopkins University Press, 1994
Trade Unions in Processes of Democratization: A Study of Party Labour Relations in Zambia Bergen, Norway Christian Michelsen Institute, CMI Report, 1992

Examines role of labour in the transition to multi-party democracy in 1991, and concludes that the trade union movement has remained autonomous from the state (despite efforts to incorporate it) and that this is the key reason why the unions led the transition.

See also:

E. I.2.1.ii. Organizations and Movements
Gifford, Paul, African Christianity: Its Public Role, (E. I.2.1.ii. Organizations and Movements)
E. I.2.1.i. General Overviews
, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, (E. I.2.1.i. General Overviews), which includes a chapter on the ‘second elections’ in 1996.
E. I.2.1.a.i. - Malawi
van Donge, Jan Kamuzu’s Legacy: The democratization of Malawi, Vol. 94, issue 375, 1995 , pp. 227-257

Englund, Harri Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi, Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute, 2002 , pp. 208 pb

This book explores how far the ending of one-man rule in 1994 had achieved wider economic, social and cultural changes and explores the continuing problems such as political intolerance and hate speech.  The contributors, mostly from Malawi, criticize both 'chameleon' political leaders and aid donors for supporting superficial democratization.
Nowack, Daniel Process Tracing the Term Limit Struggle in Malawi: The Role of International Democracy Promotion in Muluzi's Bid for a Third Term, Vol. 55, issue 3, 2021 , pp. 291-300

Nowack examines the struggle between 1999 and 2003 to prevent the President serving a third term contrary to the constitution. Drawing on newspaper reports and interviews he argues that a decline in party support and a strong civil society were key, conditions imposed by aid donors and international democracy promotion influenced both these internal factors.

Websites recommended

Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi Uppsala Nordic Africa Institute, 2002

This book explores how far the ending of one-man rule in 1994 had achieved wider economic, social and cultural changes and explores the continuing problems such as political intolerance and hate speech.  The contributors, mostly from Malawi, criticize both 'chameleon' political leaders and aid donors for supporting superficial democratization.
Kamuzu’s Legacy: The democratization of Malawi , 1995
Process Tracing the Term Limit Struggle in Malawi: The Role of International Democracy Promotion in Muluzi's Bid for a Third Term , 2021

Nowack examines the struggle between 1999 and 2003 to prevent the President serving a third term contrary to the constitution. Drawing on newspaper reports and interviews he argues that a decline in party support and a strong civil society were key, conditions imposed by aid donors and international democracy promotion influenced both these internal factors.

See also:

0. Not listed
Mchombo, Sam, Democratization in Malawi: Its roots and prospects