E. I.1.a. internal resistance

Volume One -> E. Resisting Oppressive, Dictatorial, Military or Authoritarian Rule -> E. I. Africa - Sub-Saharan -> E. I.1. South Africa, Resisting Apartheid to 1994 -> E. I.1.a. internal resistance
From Comrades to Citizens: The South African Civics Movement and the Transition to Democracy, ed. Adler, Glenn; Steinberg, Jonny, Basingstoke and New York, Macmillan and St Martin's, in association with the Albert Einstein Institution, 2000 , pp. 272

Primarily on nonviolent action in townships during apartheid. Combines a national strategic overview by Jeremy Seekings of how the concept of civic struggle evolved in the period 1977-90 with detailed local accounts.
Baskin, Jeremy Striking Back: a history of COSATU, London, Verso, 1990 , pp. 488

Authoritative account of COSATU’s early years by then National Coordinator.
Benson, Mary The African Patriots: The Story of the African National Congress of South Africa, London, Faber and Faber, 1963 , pp. 310 US title South Africa: The Struggle for a Birthright, 1966,

Covers the period 1910- 60.
Biko, Steve The Testimony of Steve Biko, ed. Arnold, Millard, London, Maurice Temple Smith, 1978 , pp. 298 US title: Black Consciousness in South Africa,

Biko, a key figure in the move to radical black consciousness, was killed while in custody by the security services.
Callinicos, Alex; Rogers, John Southern Africa after Soweto, London, Pluto Press, 1978 , pp. 246

Includes critical assessment of the 1960s campaigns and examination of trade union action in the 1970s.
Popular Struggles in South Africa, ed. Cohen, Robin; Cobbett, William, London and Trenton NJ, James Curray and Africa World Press, 1988 , pp. 234

Includes chapters on political unionism, the township revolts, student politics (school and university). Earlier version of the much-cited article  Mark Swilling, The United Democratic Front and the township revolt, Durban, South Africa, South African History Archives (SAHA), 1987 , pp. 23 , reprinted here on pp. 90-113, are available online.
Drewett, Michael Music in the Struggle to End Apartheid: South Africa, In Martin Cloonan, Reebee Garafalo, Policing Pop, Philadelphia PA, Temple University Press, 2003 , pp. 153-165

See also Michael Drewett, Aesopian Strategies of Textual Resistance in the Struggle to Overcome the Censorship of Popular Music in Apartheid South Africa, In Beate Müller, Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age, Amsterdam and New York, Rodopi, 2004 , pp. 250 , pp. 189-207 .
Feit, Edward African Opposition in South Africa: The Failure of Passive Resistance, Stanford CA, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1967 , pp. 223

A critical study of the 1954-55 campaigns.
Women in South African History, ed. Gasa, Nomboniso, Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council, 2007 , pp. 456

Part Three – ‘War: armed and mass struggles as gendered experiences’ – includes Jacklyn Cock, ‘”Another mother for peace”: Women and peace building in South Africa, 1983-2003, pp. 257-280, and Janet Cherry ‘”We were not afraid”: The role of women in the 1980s’ township uprising in the Eastern Cape’, pp. 281-313, and Pat Gibbs, ‘Women, labour and resistance: Case studies from the Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage area, 1972-94’, pp. 315-343.
Good, Kenneth The capacities of the people versus a predominant, militarist, ethno-nationalist elite: democratisation in South Africa, Vol. 3, issue 2, 2011 , pp. 311-358

Contends that the ANC ‘showed an increasing intolerance for the values upheld by the UDF, like criticism and self-criticism of elites and nonviolence’.
Hope, Marjorie; Young, James The South African Churches in a Revolutionary Situation, New York, Orbis Books, 1981 , pp. 268

Kuper, Leo Passive Resistance in South Africa, London, Jonathan Cape, 1956 , pp. 256 US: Yale University Press, 1957 and 1960,

Sociological study of the 1952 ‘Defiance Campaign’.
Lodge, Tom Black Politics in South Africa since 1945, London, Longman, 1983 , pp. 389

Covers key campaigns up to Sharpeville and the Soweto student rebellion.

See also Tom Lodge, The Interplay of Nonviolent and Violent Action in the Movements Against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983-94, In Timothy Garton Ash, Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements) New York, Oxford University Press, 2009 , pp. 213-230 .
All, Here, and Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s, ed. Lodge, Tom; Nasson, Bill, London, Hurst, 1992 , pp. 400

Luckhardt, Ken; Wall, Brenda Organize or Starve: The History of the South African Congress of Trade Unions, New York, International Publishers, 1980 , pp. 485

Luthuli, Albert Let My People Go!, London, Collins, 1962 , pp. 256

Autobiography of President of ANC from 1952 to 1967, and Nobel Prize winner.
Mandela, Nelson Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London, Little Brown, 1994 , pp. 768 and Abacus paperback 1995,

Includes views on nonviolence and support for the turn to violent resistance. Mandela’s earlier articles, speeches and addresses at his trials are published in: 1965 Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom, 1965 London, Heinemann, 1986 , pp. 189 .
Marx, Anthony Lessons of Struggle: South African Internal Opposition, 1960-1990, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997 , pp. 347

Examines relationship between strategies and different ideologies of resistance based on race, nation or class.
Meredith, Martin Nelson Mandela: A Biography, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1997 , pp. 596

Michelson, Cherry The Black Sash of South Africa: A Case Study in Liberalism, London, Oxford University Press, 1975 , pp. 204

Analysis of (predominantly) white women’s organization publicly opposing apartheid since 1950, known especially for its vigils.
Mufson, Steven The Fighting Years: The Struggle for a New South Africa, Boston, Beacon Press, 1990 , pp. 360

Washington Post journalist, who was in South Africa 1984-86, interviewed leaders of banned organizations and more conservative Africans. Less strong on post-1986 period.
Neocosmos, Michael From People’s Politics to State Politics: Aspects of National Liberation in South Africa, In Adebayo Olukoshi, The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa (E. I.2.1.i. General Overviews) Uppsala, Nordiska Afikrainstitutet, 1998 , pp. 195-241

Discusses the post-1990 statist supplanting of ‘the popular emancipatory project’.
Presbey, Gail Evaluating the Legacy of Nonviolence in South Africa, Vol. 31, issue 2, 2006 , pp. 141-174

Evaluates claims that ‘nonviolence, if adhered to more resolutely, would have ended apartheid sooner’, reminding readers of the high level of support for the ANC’s armed wing. Suggests that despite some over-simplifications, the claims for nonviolence, though speculative, are plausible.
Scott, Michael A Time to Speak, London, Faber, 1959 , pp. 365

Autobiography of Anglican priest who took the case of the Herero people of South West Africa to the UN, opposing their incorporation into the Union of South Africa. Chapter 8 describes the Indian resistance to discriminatory legislation in 1946.
Seekings, Jeremy The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa, 1983-1991, Cape Town and Oxford, David Philip amd James Currey, 2000 , pp. 371

Authoritative organizational history (commissioned by the UDF at the point when it disbanded).
Seidman, Gay Guerrillas in their midst: armed struggle in the South African anti-apartheid movement, Vol. 6, issue 2 (Fall), 2001 , pp. 111-127

Smuts, Dene; Westcott, Shauna The Purple Shall Govern: A South Africa A to Z of Nonviolent Action, Cape Town, Oxford University Press and Centre for Intergroup Studies, 1991 , pp. 165

Examples of nonviolent action from the 1950s to the 1990s. Brief extracts illustrate tactics such as boycotts, courting arrest, funerals, graffiti, ostracism, prayer, resisting removal, voluntary exile and ‘wading-in’ (against segregated beaches).
Suttner, Raymond Legacies and Meanings of the United Democratic Front (UDF) Period for Contemporary South Africa, In Cheryl Hendricks, Lwazi Lushaba, From National Liberation to Democratic Renaissance in Southern Africa, Dakar, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESIRA), 2006 , pp. 212 , pp. 59-81

Suttner, Raymond; Cronin, Jeremy 50 Years of the Freedom Charter, Pretoria, Unisa Press, 2006 , pp. 246

Revised and updated from the banned book Raymond Suttner, Jeremy Cronin, 30 Years of the Freedom Charter, Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1986 , pp. 266 . Recounts the process of formulating as well as discussing the political implications of the Freedom Charter adopted in 1955. (Part of Unisa’s series ‘Hidden Histories’.)
Tutu, Desmond The Rainbow People of God, ed. Allen, John, London, Bantam, 1995 , pp. 286

Tutu influenced world opinion in the 1980s and 1990s and chaired the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
van Kessel, Ineke Beyond Our Wildest Dreams: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa, Charlottesville and London, University of Virginia Press, 2000 , pp. 367

Uses three case studies to illustrate the complexity of the UDF. Addresses generational tensions and conflicts between belief systems that the UDF itself, and most studies of it, tended to ignore.

Websites recommended

50 Years of the Freedom Charter Pretoria Unisa Press, 2006

Revised and updated from the banned book Raymond Suttner, Jeremy Cronin, 30 Years of the Freedom Charter, Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1986 , pp. 266 . Recounts the process of formulating as well as discussing the political implications of the Freedom Charter adopted in 1955. (Part of Unisa’s series ‘Hidden Histories’.)
A Time to Speak London Faber, 1959

Autobiography of Anglican priest who took the case of the Herero people of South West Africa to the UN, opposing their incorporation into the Union of South Africa. Chapter 8 describes the Indian resistance to discriminatory legislation in 1946.
African Opposition in South Africa: The Failure of Passive Resistance Stanford CA Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1967

A critical study of the 1954-55 campaigns.
All, Here, and Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s London Hurst, 1992
Beyond Our Wildest Dreams: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa Charlottesville and London University of Virginia Press, 2000

Uses three case studies to illustrate the complexity of the UDF. Addresses generational tensions and conflicts between belief systems that the UDF itself, and most studies of it, tended to ignore.
Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 London Longman, 1983

Covers key campaigns up to Sharpeville and the Soweto student rebellion.

See also Tom Lodge, The Interplay of Nonviolent and Violent Action in the Movements Against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983-94, In Timothy Garton Ash, Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements) New York, Oxford University Press, 2009 , pp. 213-230 .
Evaluating the Legacy of Nonviolence in South Africa , 2006

Evaluates claims that ‘nonviolence, if adhered to more resolutely, would have ended apartheid sooner’, reminding readers of the high level of support for the ANC’s armed wing. Suggests that despite some over-simplifications, the claims for nonviolence, though speculative, are plausible.
From Comrades to Citizens: The South African Civics Movement and the Transition to Democracy Basingstoke and New York Macmillan and St Martin's, in association with the Albert Einstein Institution, 2000

Primarily on nonviolent action in townships during apartheid. Combines a national strategic overview by Jeremy Seekings of how the concept of civic struggle evolved in the period 1977-90 with detailed local accounts.
From People’s Politics to State Politics: Aspects of National Liberation in South Africa (https://libcom.org/files/From%20people%27s%20politics%20to%20state%20politics%20...) Uppsala Nordiska Afikrainstitutet, 1998

Discusses the post-1990 statist supplanting of ‘the popular emancipatory project’.
Guerrillas in their midst: armed struggle in the South African anti-apartheid movement , 2001
Legacies and Meanings of the United Democratic Front (UDF) Period for Contemporary South Africa Dakar Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESIRA), 2006
Lessons of Struggle: South African Internal Opposition, 1960-1990 New York Oxford University Press, 1997

Examines relationship between strategies and different ideologies of resistance based on race, nation or class.
Let My People Go! London Collins, 1962

Autobiography of President of ANC from 1952 to 1967, and Nobel Prize winner.
Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela London Little Brown, 1994

Includes views on nonviolence and support for the turn to violent resistance. Mandela’s earlier articles, speeches and addresses at his trials are published in: 1965 Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom, 1965 London, Heinemann, 1986 , pp. 189 .
Music in the Struggle to End Apartheid: South Africa Philadelphia PA Temple University Press, 2003

See also Michael Drewett, Aesopian Strategies of Textual Resistance in the Struggle to Overcome the Censorship of Popular Music in Apartheid South Africa, In Beate Müller, Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age, Amsterdam and New York, Rodopi, 2004 , pp. 250 , pp. 189-207 .
Nelson Mandela: A Biography London Hamish Hamilton, 1997
Organize or Starve: The History of the South African Congress of Trade Unions New York International Publishers, 1980
Passive Resistance in South Africa London Jonathan Cape, 1956

Sociological study of the 1952 ‘Defiance Campaign’.
Popular Struggles in South Africa London and Trenton NJ James Curray and Africa World Press, 1988

Includes chapters on political unionism, the township revolts, student politics (school and university). Earlier version of the much-cited article  Mark Swilling, The United Democratic Front and the township revolt, Durban, South Africa, South African History Archives (SAHA), 1987 , pp. 23 , reprinted here on pp. 90-113, are available online.
Southern Africa after Soweto London Pluto Press, 1978

Includes critical assessment of the 1960s campaigns and examination of trade union action in the 1970s.
Striking Back: a history of COSATU London Verso, 1990

Authoritative account of COSATU’s early years by then National Coordinator.
The African Patriots: The Story of the African National Congress of South Africa London Faber and Faber, 1963

Covers the period 1910- 60.
The Black Sash of South Africa: A Case Study in Liberalism London Oxford University Press, 1975

Analysis of (predominantly) white women’s organization publicly opposing apartheid since 1950, known especially for its vigils.
The capacities of the people versus a predominant, militarist, ethno-nationalist elite: democratisation in South Africa (http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Interface-3...) , 2011

Contends that the ANC ‘showed an increasing intolerance for the values upheld by the UDF, like criticism and self-criticism of elites and nonviolence’.
The Fighting Years: The Struggle for a New South Africa Boston Beacon Press, 1990

Washington Post journalist, who was in South Africa 1984-86, interviewed leaders of banned organizations and more conservative Africans. Less strong on post-1986 period.
The Purple Shall Govern: A South Africa A to Z of Nonviolent Action Cape Town Oxford University Press and Centre for Intergroup Studies, 1991

Examples of nonviolent action from the 1950s to the 1990s. Brief extracts illustrate tactics such as boycotts, courting arrest, funerals, graffiti, ostracism, prayer, resisting removal, voluntary exile and ‘wading-in’ (against segregated beaches).
The Rainbow People of God London Bantam, 1995

Tutu influenced world opinion in the 1980s and 1990s and chaired the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The South African Churches in a Revolutionary Situation New York Orbis Books, 1981
The Testimony of Steve Biko London Maurice Temple Smith, 1978

Biko, a key figure in the move to radical black consciousness, was killed while in custody by the security services.
The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa, 1983-1991 Cape Town and Oxford David Philip amd James Currey, 2000

Authoritative organizational history (commissioned by the UDF at the point when it disbanded).
Women in South African History Cape Town Human Sciences Research Council, 2007

Part Three – ‘War: armed and mass struggles as gendered experiences’ – includes Jacklyn Cock, ‘”Another mother for peace”: Women and peace building in South Africa, 1983-2003, pp. 257-280, and Janet Cherry ‘”We were not afraid”: The role of women in the 1980s’ township uprising in the Eastern Cape’, pp. 281-313, and Pat Gibbs, ‘Women, labour and resistance: Case studies from the Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage area, 1972-94’, pp. 315-343.

See also:

A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements
Schock, Kurt, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies, (A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements), pp. 56-68 on anti-apartheid struggle generally.