Chile

, Against Her Will. Forced and Coerced Sterilization of Women Worldwide [1], Open Society Foundations, 2011

This Open Society Foundations fact sheet provides information on instances of forced sterilization of racial and ethnic minorities, poor women, women living with HIV, and women with disabilities in Chile, Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Hungary, India, Mexico, Namibia, Kenya, Peru, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Venezuela, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uzbekistan. It also provides recommendations for governments, medical professionals, UN agencies, and donors on how to end the practice of forced and coerced sterilization.

, Feminicide: A Global Phenomenon. From Brussels to El Salvador [2], Brussels, Heinrich Böll Stiftung Report, 2015, pp. 39

Edited every two years on the occasion of the European Union and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (EU-CELAC) Summit, this fifth edition of the series ‘Feminicide: A Global Phenomenon’ addresses the chapter on gender from the Action Plan, and points to other initiatives aiming at eradicating feminicide/femicide, and also inspiring the implementation of the Action Plan EU-CELAC on this matter.

, ECLAC: At least 2,795 were victims of femicide in 23 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in 2017 [3], Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2017

Stressing the need to create inter-agency agreements, the 2017 Economic Commission for the Latin America and the Caribbean’s report on femicide shows that Brazil topped the list of femicides (with 1,133 victims confirmed in 2017). In 2016, Honduras recorded 5.8 femicides for every 100,000 women. In Guatemala, the Dominican Republic and Bolivia, high rates were also seen in 2017, equal to or above 2 cases for every 100,000 women. In the region, only Panama, Peru and Venezuela have rates below 1.0. In the Caribbean, four countries accounted for a total of 35 femicide victims in 2017: Belize (9 victims), the British Virgin Islands (1), Saint Lucia (4) and Trinidad and Tobago (21). In the same year, Guyana and Jamaica — which only have data on intimate femicides — reported the deaths of 34 and 15 women, respectively, at the hands of their current or former partners. In 2017, the rates of intimate femicides in Latin America ranged between a maximum of 1.98 for every 100,000 women in the Dominican Republic, to a minimum of 0.47 in Chile.

, Students lead Chile's #MeToo moment [4], Guardian Weekly, 2018, pp. 8-8

Describes a new generation of student activists who are waging a struggle against harassment and sexual discrimination in universities through strikes, occupations and protests. When the article was published many university buildings were still being occupied. Polls showed public support and the government promised to meet some (but not all) of the students’ demands.

Ackerman, Peter ; Duvall, Jack, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict [5], New York and Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2000, pp. 554

Analysis of a selection of predominantly nonviolent struggles from Russia 1905 to Serbia 2000, arguing against ‘the mythology of violence’. Some of the case studies are standard in books on civil resistance, others – for example the 1990 movement in Mongolia – less familiar. Each chapter has a useful bibliography. The book arose out of a 1999 US documentary television series ‘A Force More Powerful’, now available on DVD, and therefore includes, in the more recent cases, information from interviews.

Adams, Jacqueline, Surviving Dictatorship: A Work of Visual Sociology [6], New York, Routledge, 2012, pp. 302

Combines extracts from interviews with photos to present varied phenomena of everyday resistance – ‘incidental’ (a by-product of being in a group), ‘reluctant’ (under group pressure) and ‘solidarity’ (helping others) – specifically of women who joined arpillera groups in Pinochet’s Chile. A web page with related resources for students and teachers is http://www.routledge.com/cw/adams-9780415998048 [7].

Agger, Inger ; Jensen, Søren Buus, Trauma and Healing Under State Terrorism [8], London, Zed Books, 1996, pp. 246

Agosin, Marjorie, Notes on the Poetics of the Acevedo Movement against Torture [9], Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 10, no. 3, 1988, pp. 338-343

Agosin, Marjorie, Surviving Beyond Fear: Women, Children and Human Rights [10], ed. Agosin, Marjorie [11], Fredonia NY, White Pine Press, 1993, pp. 217

Collection of essays and documents, including materials on mothers’ resistance in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala.

Agosin, Marjorie, Tapestries of Hope, Threads of Love: The Arpillera Movement in Chile 1974-1994 [12], [1996], Lanham MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 2007, pp. 240

Alexander, Robert I., The Tragedy of Chile [13], Westport CT, Greenwood Press, 1978, pp. 509

Aman, Kenneth ; Parker, Christian, Popular Culture in Chile: Resistance and Survival [14], ed. Aman, Kenneth [15], Parker, Christian [16], Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1991, pp. 225

Especially Isabel Donoso, ‘Human Rights and Popular Organizations’, pp. 189-200.

Angell, Alan, International Support for the Chilean Opposition, 1973-1989: Political Parties and the Role of Exiles [17], In Whitehead, Laurence , The International Dimensions of Democratization, Europe and the Americas [18] Oxford, Oxford University Press, , 2009, pp. 496, pp. 197-214

Arriagada, Genaro, Pinochet: The Politics of Power [19], Boston, Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 196

Opposition leader, active in the 1983 jornadas de protesta, and also in No campaign of 1988. Chapter 7 discusses the protests between 1983 and 1986.

Bacic, Roberta, Stitching together nonviolence and Movement Against Torture, Sebastian Acevedo [20], Nuremberg, Nürnberger Menschenrechtszentrum, 2012

See also: Rainer Huhle, ‘The dictatorship is a colossus on fragile feet”’: Remembering the movement against torture Sebastian Acevedo in Chile [21]’; and Christopher Ney, ‘The solidarity of God [22]’ – three presentations at the Nuremberg Menschenrechtszentum, July 2012.

Memoirs of the bold nonviolent actions taken from 1983 onwards by the Movement Against Torture Sebastian Acevedo. For other items by Bacic on this movement, see:

http://www.wri-irg.org/node/5186 [23], and http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/roberta-bacic/saying-no-to-pinochet’s-dictatorship-through-non-violence [24].

Bartlett, John, Chile’s #MeToo moment: Students protest against sexual harassment [25], The Guardian, 2018

It explores the wave of student protests that paralysed schools and universities across Chile, demanding protection against sexual harassment and calling for gender equality.

Bennis, Phyllis, Challenging Empire: People, Governments, and the UN Defy US Power [26], Northampton, MA, Olive Branch Press, 2005, pp. 288 pb

Bennis, a Fellow at the Washington-based Institute for Policy Studies and expert on Middle East and US foreign policy, examines critically the US doctrine of pre-emptive war and willingness to bypass the UN in the context of the global mobilization against the US-led 2003 attack on Iraq.

See also: Bennis, Phyllis, 'February 15, 2003, The Day the World Said No to War', Institute for Policy Studies, 15 Feb 2013.

https://ips-dc.org/february_15_2003_the_day_the_world_said_no_to_war/ [27]

Celebrates the mass global protests, but focuses in particular how opposition of Germany and France to the war enabled the 'Uncommitted Six' in the UN Security Council - Angola, Cameroon, Chile, Guinea, Mexico and Pakistan - to resist pressure from the US and UK and to refuse to endorse the war.

Bitar, Sergio, Chile, Experiment in Democracy [28], Philadelphia PA, Philadelphia Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1986, pp. 243

By former member of Allende’s cabinet.

Boelens, Rutgerd ; Getches, David ; Gil, Armando Guevara, Out of the Mainstream: Water Rights, Politics and Identity [29], New York, Routledge, 2011, pp. 384

Compares struggles over water in Andean communities of Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia and Native American communities in S .W. USA, noting the combined goals of cultural justice and socio-economic justice.

Bunster, Ximena, The mobilization and demobilization of women in militarized Chile [30], In Isaksson, Eva , Women and the Military System [31] Brighton, Harvester Wheatsheaf, , 1988, pp. 455, pp. 210-222

Discusses how Pinochet regime mobilized women to support it, but also role of women in spearheading resistance in 1979 and their role in 1986.

See also Bunster, Ximena , Surviving beyond Fear: Women and Torture in Latin America [32] In Agosin, Surviving Beyond Fear: Women, Children and Human Rights [10] (E. IV.1. General and Comparative Studies [33])Fredonia NY, White Pine Press, 1993, pp. 98-125 .

Cabalin, Cristian, Neoliberal Education and Student Movements in Chile: Inequalities and Malaise [34], Policy Futures in Education, Vol. 10, no. 2, 2012, pp. 219-228

Looks at 2006 and 2011 protests.

Cavanaugh, William T., Torture and Eucharist: Theology, Politics, and the Body of Christ [35], Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 1998, pp. 304

Takes Chile as case study of Christian response to torture. The Catholic Church’s Vicaria de la Solidaridad (pp. 264-7) was the major human rights monitoring body in the country, while the more ecumenical Sebastian Acevedo Movement against Torture (pp. 273-7) organized lightning protests to hightlight places or institutions implicated in torture.

Chavkin, Samuel, Storm Over Chile: The Junta Under Seige [36], Westport CT, Lawrence Hill, 1985, pp. 303

Chapter 9 focuses on protests of 1983-84.

Chuchryk, Patricia M., Subversive Movements: The Opposition to the Military Regime in Chile [37], In Agosin, Surviving Beyond Fear: Women, Children and Human Rights [10] (E. IV.1. General and Comparative Studies [33]), Fredonia NY, White Pine Press, pp. 86-97

Cohen, Margot, The language of violence: gender-based murder and the patriarchal state. A feminist case study of femicide in Chile from 2010-2017 [38], 2018

PowerPoint presentation where Margot Cohen briefly addresses which factors can explain institutional responses to gender-based violence; how state institutions have responded to femicide in Chile up until 2017, and what are the implications of these responses for reducing levels of femicide.

Constable, Pamela ; Valenzuela, Arturo, A Nations of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet [39], New York, W.W. Norton, 1991, pp. 368

Contreras, Dan, Chile’s Educational and Social Movement: Quality Education for Everyone...Now! [40], The Broken Rifle, no. 90 (December), 2011

Briefly explains problem in higher education and how privatization promotes gap between rich and poor. Describes wide range of nonviolent direct action used by the students, but notes wider support and activism.

Corradi, Juan E. ; Fagen, Patricia Weiss ; Garreton, Manuel Antonio, Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America [41], ed. Corradi, Juan E. [42], Fagen, Patricia Weiss [43], Garreton, Manuel Antonio [44], Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1992, pp. 301

Documents impact of state terror on society in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay from 1950s to 1980s, and the emergence of resistance in various sectors.

Dessi, Giulia, Occupying against the patriarchy [45], New Internationalist, 2018

Journalist Giulia Dessi reports on the series of students’ occupations (particularly by young women) that started in Southern Chile on 17 April 2018 and prompted a new wave of feminist civil disobedience. These demonstrations were responding to a case of sexual harassment by a university professor, Carlos Carmona, former president of the Constitutional Court. He was suspended for lack of integrity for only three months after eight months of protests. The students wanted to raise awareness of the systemic character of sexism and they campaigned for the university to put in place policies against sexual harassment. In addition, the students voiced a broader theoretical challenge to free-market capitalism. Following the protest Chilean President, Sebatsian Piñera, announced the ‘Women’s Agenda’ consisting of measures that address gender inequality in the areas of harassment, childcare and health. In November 2018, Chile signed a joint agreement with Peru at the Second Binational Cabinet that established increased sanctions for gender violence and domestic abuse.

Drake, Paul, Labor Movements and Dictatorships: the Southern Cone in Comparative Perspective [46], Baltimore MD, John Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 253

In addition to detailed analysis of Argentine, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, has comparative discussion with European dictatorships – Greece, Portugal, and Spain.

Drake, Paul ; Jaksic, Ivan, The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-1990 [47], ed. Drake, Paul [48], Jaksic, Ivan [49], Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1991, pp. 321

Engler, Mark ; Engler, Paul, This is an Uprising: How Nonviolent Revolt is Shaping the Twenty-First Century [50], New York, Nation Books, 2016, pp. 368

The book examines how contemporary movements are using strategic nonviolent action to promote social change, covering a range of protests including climate change, immigrant rights, gay rights, Occupy and Black Lives Matter. The authors argue that nonviolent uprisings are becoming more common than violent rebellion, and look back to twentieth century antecedents in the Indian Independence and US Civil Rights movements, examine the nature of effective strategy and discuss organizational discipline. Their analysis includes the Arab Spring, but notes its discouraging implications.

Ensalaco, Mark, Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth [51], Philadelphia PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, pp. 296

Fernando, Aiaga Rojas, How we won democracy in Chile [52], In Martin, Nonviolent Struggle and Social Defence [53] (A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements [54]), London, War Resisters' International, pp. 51-54

Figueroa-Clark, Victor, The Meaning behind Protests in Chile [55], International Affairs at LSE, 2011

Discusses context of protest, the school and university education system, extent of inequality in Chilean society, and implications if movement successful.

Fleet, Michael ; Smith, Brian H., The Catholic Church and Democracy in Chile and Peru [56], [1997], Notre Dame IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, pp. 379

Franceschet, Susan ; Krook, Mona Lena ; Tan, Netina, The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights [57], ed. Ennaji, Moha [58], Sadiqi, Fatima [59], Vintges, Karen [60], London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, pp. 784

Covers women’s political rights across all major regions of the world, focusing both on women’s right to vote and women’s right to run for political office. The countries explored are Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Bolivia, Canada, Cameroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, New Zealand, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, South Korea, Slovenia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Turkey, the United States, Uganda, Uruguay, and Zimbabwe.

Gago, Verónica ; Aguilar, Raquel Gutiérrez, Women Rising in Defence of Life [61], NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 50, no. 4, 2018, pp. 364-368

This article sheds light on women’s uprisings in Latin America and places particular emphasis on proposing a new framing for the struggles. Firstly, it stresses the need to revitalise a non-state centric type of politics. Secondly, it proposes the renewal of new forms of togetherness that could overpower patriarchal, colonial and capitalist structures. Thirdly, it argues the necessity to challenge the control exercised over women’s bodies and minds.

Hall, David ; Lobina, Emanuele ; de la Motte, Robin, Public Resistance to Privatisation in Water and Energy [62], ed. Food Empowerment Project, [63], Development in Practice, Vol. 15, no. 3-4 (June), 2005

Examines role of different types of opposition in ‘delaying, cancelling or reversing the privatization of water and energy’, including success in Nkondobe (South Africa), Paraguay where parliament voted in 2002 to suspend indefinitely privatization of state-owned water and Poznan in Poland in 2002, and failure of campaigns in UK, Chile and Philippines.

Hinsliff, Gaby, The rapist is you!’: why a Chilean protest chant is being sung around the world [64], The Guardian, 2020

Devised by a little-known South American feminist collective, the song ‘Un Violador en Tu Camino’ (‘A rapist in your path’) has been performed by women from Washington to Istanbul. This article sheds light on the reason why the song has become the hymn of feminist movements against sexual harassment.

Hooker, Juliet, Black and indigenous resistance in the Americas: from multiculturalism to racist Backlash [65], Lanham, U.S., Lexington Books, 2020, pp. 340

This book is the outcome of long term research by the Antiracist Research and Action Network of the Americas into rising racial intolerance, but also increasing resistance by both Black and indigenous people throughout the Americas. It covers six Latin American countries - Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico - as well as the US, and discusses the backlash against earlier gains in rights within nation states. The book argues that this nation-based strategy, pursued in a neo-liberal capitalist context, was inadequate and that the focus should now be on resisting ‘racial capitalism’ which bolsters white supremacy. The rise of militant anti-racial activism in the US and around the world in 2020 makes the book especially relevant.

Huneeus, Carlos, Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet’s Chile, 1983-88 [66], In Roberts; Garton Ash, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present [67] (A. 1.b. Strategic Theory, Dynamics, Methods and Movements [54]), Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 197-212

Kinsman, Jeremy ; Bassuener, Kurt, A Diplomat’s Handbook for Democracy Development Support [68], 3rd edition, Washington, DC, Council for a Community of Democracies, 2009, pp. 450

Tips for diplomats on how they can more effectively support local pro-democracy g roups facing repressive regimes. Case studies from South Africa, Ukraine, Chile, Belarus, Burma/Myanamar, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Klipic, Irma, Government responses to feminicides in Latin America [69], Växjö‎ & ‎Kalmar‎, ‎Småland‎ (Sweden), Linnæeus University, 2018

This thesis examines how government responses affected femicide rates in five selected countries: Costa Rica, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The study is a qualitative comparative multi-case study using social inclusion and exclusion theory to understand if policies are inclusive or exclusive, and if the nature of legislation has an impact on the femicide rates.

Loveman, Mara, High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina [70], American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 104, no. 2, 1998, pp. 477-525

Lowden, Pamela, Moral Opposition to Authoritarian Rule in Chile, 1973-1990 [71], New York, St. Martins Press, 1996, pp. 216

Primarily a detailed history of the Vicaria de la Solidaridad and the changing context of its work.

Lynn, Stephen, Women and Social Movements in Latin America: Power from Below [72], Austin TX, University of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 352

Covers six cases of grassroots activism in Mexico, El Salvador, Brazil and Chile, which use interviews with activists and provide histories of organizations and movements involved. The activists are concerned with economic and health issues, but also stress problems relating to contraception and abortion, rape and domestic violence.

Maira, Gloria ; Casas, Lidia ; Vovaldi, Lieta, Abortion in Chile. The Long Road to Legalization and its Slow Implementation [73], Health and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 21, no. 2, 2020, pp. 121-131

Until as recently as September 2017, Chile was one of the few countries in the world that did not permit abortion under any circumstances. Although the Health Code had permitted therapeutic abortion on health grounds from 1931, this was repealed in 1989 as one of General Pinochet’s last acts in office. It took more than 25 years to reverse the ban. Finally, a new act was approved allowing abortion on three grounds: when a woman’s life is in danger, when there are foetal anomalies incompatible with life, and in the case of rape. Since the law allows abortion only in limited cases, most women continue to seek illegal abortions. In this paper, the authors explore the historical context in which Chile’s 2017 bill was finally passed and analyze the legislative debate. They also present the results of a community-based participatory research effort carried out by feminist and human rights organizations. Despite the 2017 law, this research shows the persistence of various obstacles to women’s access to legal abortion, such as conscientious objection by medical staff a lack of trained health care providers, and a lack of information for women.

McIntyre, Jody, How to Grow a Student Movement, Chilean Style [74], New Internationalist, no. October, 2012, pp. 26-27

Stresses challenge to Pinochet legacy and links with workers’ unions. Includes timeline of protests from May 2011 – August 2012.

Muñoz-Lamartine, Ernesto, Chile: Student Leaders Reinvent the Movement [75], Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies, no. Fall, 2011

Account of talk by Giorgio Jackson, President of the Catholic University’s Student Association in Chile.

Nepstad, Sharon Erickson, Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late Twentieth Century [76], Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 178

Compares ‘unsuccessful’ and ‘successful’ movements against Socialist regimes (Tiananmen and East Germany 1989), against military regimes (Panama and Chile in the 1980s) and against personal dictators (Kenyan opposition to Moi and the Philippines struggle against Marcos). Draws some fairly brief general conclusions.

Parissi, Rosa, Sebastian Acevedo Movement Against Torture: A Project for the Dignity of Life [77], In Tyndale, Wendy R., Visions of Development: Faith-based Initiatives [78] Farnham, Ashgate, , 2006, pp. 188, pp. 137-144

References to the Sebastian Acevedo Movement also occur in Agger, Inger ; Jensen, Søren Buus, Trauma and Healing Under State Terrorism [8] London, Zed Books, , 1996, pp. 246 , who see it as ‘an expression both of psychological counter-strategies at the private and political level and of healing strategies at the societal level’ (p. 184) but do not describe its methodology. Lloyd, Vincent W., The Problem with Grace: Reconfiguring Political Theology [79] Stanford CA, Stanford University Press, , 2011, pp. 256 , pp. 109-11, discusses its liturgical aspects in comparison with contemporary Critical Mass bicycle rides.

Petras, James ; Morley, Morris A., How Allende Fell: A Study in US-Chilean Relations [80], Nottingham, Spokesman Books, 1974, pp. 125

Phillips, Tom ; Booth, Amy ; Goni, Uki, "We Did It!” A Milestone for Women as Abortion is Legalised [81], Guardian Weekly, 2021, pp. 15-16

Reports the jubilation of pro-choice demonstrators in Buenos Aires after the Senate (which had voted down legalization of abortion in 2018) passed a law allowing termination in the first 14 weeks of pregnancy for any reason. Argentina became then third South American country (after Uruguay and Guyana) to decriminalize abortion, and there are likely to b repercussions across the region. The authors summarize the five years of mass campaigning by the women’s movement in Argentina that led to this result.

See also: ‘Green Wave, Blue Water: Abortion in Latin America’, Economist, 9 Jan. 2021, pp.41-2.

This article discusses the significance of and probable repercussions of the legalization of abortion in Argentina, in the context of the generally very restrictive position in many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The article notes the possible positive repercussions in Peru and Mexico and that legalizing abortion may be raised in proposed constitutional change in Chile. But the article also warns that the Argentinian law will mobilize forces strongly opposed to abortion.

Quiroz, Nelson, A most feminist year: how female voices were heard in Chile [82], Chile Today, 2019

Highlights the rapid rise of a new wave of feminism in Chile thanks to students’ demonstrations across the country aiming at tackling femicide and impunity.

Resistencia, Mujeres Grabando, ¡Viva Nos Queremos! (Art) [83], NACLA Reports on the Americas, Vol. 50, no. 4, 2018, pp. 418-422

The initative of 14 women of capturing the feminist struggles through artistic production within the #VivaNosQueremos campaign. Many cities throughout the world joined the campaign and printmaking appeared in cities like Ciudad Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico State, Puebla, New York, Chicago, Montreal and Barcelona as well as other countries like Costa Rica, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Italy.

Salinas, Daniel ; Fraser, Pablo, Educational Opportunity and Contentious Politics: The 2011 Chilean Student Movement [84], Berkeley Review of Education, Vol. 3, no. 1, 2012, pp. 17-47

Considers the reasons for emergence of movement and its challenge to free market provision of education. Argues experience of this education provides both mobilizing grievances and resources for political mobilization.

Schild, Veronica, Chilean students confront machismo on Campus (Interview) [85], NACLA Reports on the Americas, Vol. 50, no. 4, 2018, pp. 411-417

This long interview discusses the new rise of feminist protests in Chilean university and educational institutions, that emerged in April/May 2018 demanding an end to the reproduction of unequal gender roles, unequal pay and the streaming of women into low-paying careers. More generally, the new debate on feminism, which challenges the neo-liberal system, enables the politicisation of women and encourages forms of collaboration with ‘NiUnaMenos’.

Somma, Nicolas M., The Chilean Student Movement of 2011-2012: Challenging the Marketization of Education [86], Interface: a journal about social movements, Vol. 4, no. 2 (Nov), 2012, pp. 296-309

The author is assistant professor of sociology at the Catholic University of Chile. Examines causes of protests and educational system, ‘horizontalism’ of student organization, tactics, use of media and maintenance of internal unity.

Valenzuela, Samuel J. ; Valenzuela, Arturo, Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Opposition [87], Baltimore MD, John Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp. 331

Vidal, Hernán, El Movimiento Contra la Tortura ‘Sebastián Acevedo’ [88], [1986], Minneapolis, Institute for the Study of Ideologies and Literature, 2002, pp. 568

Yanes Berrios, Blanca ; Lopez, Omar Williams, Cultural action for liberation in Chile [89], In McManus; Schlabach, Relentless Persistence: Nonviolent Action in Latin America [90] (E. IV.1. General and Comparative Studies [33]), Philadelphia PA, New Society Publishers, pp. 117-135

Discusses role of SERPAJ in struggle for survival by poor, including community organization and ingenious protests against hunger and unemployment, e.g. blocking supermarket checkouts with trolleys.

Links
[1] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2011/against-her-will-forced-and-coerced-sterilization-women-worldwide
[2] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2015/feminicide-global-phenomenon-brussels-el-salvador
[3] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2017/eclac-least-2795-were-victims-femicide-23-countries-latin-america-and-caribbean
[4] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2018/students-lead-chiles-metoo-moment
[5] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2000/force-more-powerful-century-nonviolent-conflict
[6] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2012/surviving-dictatorship-work-visual-sociology
[7] http://www.routledge.com/cw/adams-9780415998048
[8] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1996/trauma-and-healing-under-state-terrorism
[9] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1988/notes-poetics-acevedo-movement-against-torture
[10] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1993/surviving-beyond-fear-women-children-and-human-rights
[11] https://civilresistance.info/author/876
[12] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2007/tapestries-hope-threads-love-arpillera-movement-chile-1974-1994
[13] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1978/tragedy-chile
[14] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1991/popular-culture-chile-resistance-and-survival
[15] https://civilresistance.info/author/949
[16] https://civilresistance.info/author/950
[17] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2009/international-support-chilean-opposition-1973-1989-political-parties-and-role
[18] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2009/international-dimensions-democratization-europe-and-americas
[19] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1988/pinochet-politics-power
[20] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2012/stitching-together-nonviolence-and-movement-against-torture-sebastian-acevedo
[21] http://menschenrechte.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Huhle_The-dictatorship-is-a-colossus-on-fragile-feet1.pdf
[22] http://menschenrechte.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Ney_The-Solidarity-of-God.pdf
[23] http://www.wri-irg.org/node/5186
[24] http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/roberta-bacic/saying-no-to-pinochet’s-dictatorship-through-non-violence
[25] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2018/chiles-metoo-moment-students-protest-against-sexual-harassment
[26] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2005/challenging-empire-people-governments-and-un-defy-us-power
[27] https://ips-dc.org/february_15_2003_the_day_the_world_said_no_to_war/
[28] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1986/chile-experiment-democracy
[29] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2011/out-mainstream-water-rights-politics-and-identity
[30] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1988/mobilization-and-demobilization-women-militarized-chile
[31] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1988/women-and-military-system
[32] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1993/surviving-beyond-fear-women-and-torture-latin-america
[33] https://civilresistance.info/section/e-resisting-oppressive-dictatorial-military-or-authoritarian-rule/e-iv-latin-america/e-iv1
[34] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2012/neoliberal-education-and-student-movements-chile-inequalities-and-malaise
[35] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1998/torture-and-eucharist-theology-politics-and-body-christ
[36] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1985/storm-over-chile-junta-under-seige
[37] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1993/subversive-movements-opposition-military-regime-chile
[38] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2018/language-violence-gender-based-murder-and-patriarchal-state-feminist-case-study
[39] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1991/nations-enemies-chile-under-pinochet
[40] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2011/chiles-educational-and-social-movement-quality-education-everyonenow
[41] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/1992/fear-edge-state-terror-and-resistance-latin-america
[42] https://civilresistance.info/author/879
[43] https://civilresistance.info/author/880
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[45] https://civilresistance.info/biblio-item/2018/occupying-against-patriarchy
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