Beck, Valentin, Consumer boycotts as instruments for structural change , Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 36, no. 4, 2018, pp. 543-559 The author notes that consumer boycotts are frequently adopted as a means of protest, especially in the digital age, to put pressure on corporations to improve their practices on a wide range of moral issues. Valentin argues that such boycotts are legitimate and can be effective and suggests criteria campaigners should adopt, such as proportionality and transparency.