This UPDATE FILE now includes all items added to the publication in 2006 of the original bibliography People Power and Protest Since 1945, and incorporates those included in Supplement published in March 2007. The update broadly follows the original Table of Contents, but some new sub-sections have been inserted. Please send suggestions for additional items using the contact form.

updates to People Power and Protest Since 1945: a Bibliography of Nonviolent Action

A. Introduction to Nonviolent Action 1. Nonviolent action: theory, methods and examples Atack, Iain, 'Nonviolent Political Action and the Limits of Consent', Theoria 111, Dec 2006, pp.87-107 Suggests that "although not fully complementary by any means, the ideas of both Gramsci and Foucault provide resources for developing a more sopisticated and comprehensive version of the consent theory of power relevant to explaining and ensuring the effectiveness of nonviolent political action". Chenoweth, Erica and Maria Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, New York, Columbia University Press, 2011, pp. 296 Combines statistical analysis of 323 episodes of resistance with four case studies to compare the relative success of violent and nonviolent struggle against state adversaries. Builds on earlier article with same title: Stephan, Maria J and Erica Chenoweth, "Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict", International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 7–44, online at http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/IS3301_pp007-044_Stephan_Chenoweth.pdf Translation into castellano of article online at http://nonviolent-conflict.org/images/stories/pdfs/por_que_funciona.pdf Clark, Howard (ed.), People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, London, Pluto, 2009, pp. 250 Pays special attention to the role of transnational solidarity in nonviolent struggle. Section I reflects on recent (2000 and after) movements in Serbia, Burma, Zimbabwe, Colombia and India. Section II discusses various forms of Nonviolent Citizens' Intervention across Borders. Section III examines various "bases of solidarity - shared identities, interests and beliefs", while Section IV addesses "Controversies in Transnational Action" over external financing and nonviolence training. Clark himself contributes a substantial introduction and an afterword on "the chain of nonviolence". Cortright, David, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism, Boulder CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2006, pp. 265. Accessible and scholarly account of Gandhian satyagraha and later campaigns in the USA inspired by Gandhi. Crawshaw, Steve and John Jackson, Small Acts of Resistance: How Courage, Tenacity, and Ingenuity Can Change the World, New York/London, Union Square, 2010, pp. 240 Short stories from many countries grouped into 15 themes, with a preface by Vaclav Havel. Dudouet, Veronique, Nonviolent Resistance and Conflict Transformation in Power Asymmetries, Berlin, Berghof, 2008, pp. 27, download at http://www.berghof-handbook.net/uploads/download/dudouet_handbook.pdf Erickson Nepstad, Sharon, Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the late 20th Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 200 Makes paired comparisons of one successful and one unsuccessful nonviolent revolt against Socialist Regimes (China/GDR in 1989), Military Regimes (1980s Chile/Panama) and Personal Dictators (Moi, Kenya/Marcos Philippines) 20/Philippines 1986) to draw out factors contributing to success and failure. Hastings, Tom H, Lessons of Nonviolence: Theory and Practice in a World of Conflict, Foreword by Kathy Kelly, Jefferson NC, McFarland & Co, pp. 228 Draws mainly on US experience from the decline of the Civil Rights movement onwards Hastings, Tom H, Nonviolent Responses to Terrorism, Jefferson NC, McFarland & Co, 2004, pp. 244 The first part discusses immediate responses, the second long term Hastings, Tom H, Power: Nonviolent Transformation from the Transpersonal to the Transnational, Lanham MD, Hamilton, 2005, pp. 274 Holmes, Robert L. and Barry L. Gan (eds), Nonviolence in Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Long Grove IL, Waveland Press, 2005, pp. 381 23 readings added to 1990 edition. Kolb, Felix, Protest and Opportunities: the Political Outcomes of Social Movements, Frankfurt-Mainz, Campus Verlag, 2007, pp 360 Derives propositions about social movements and political change from detailed analyses of the US civil right movements and the transnational movement against nuclear power. Kurlansky, Mark, Nonviolence: the history of a dangerous idea, Foreword by the Dalai Lama, London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 203 a lively introduction to nonviolence designed for the general reader; chapters 10 and 11 focus on examples of nonviolent action Martin, Brian, Justice Ignited: the dynamics of backfire, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 236 - extends Gene Sharp's concept of political ju-jitsu by discussing violation of a wider range of norms, and by examining the tactics used by perpetrators of injustice. Brian Martin's webpage has a section on backfire, including a range of published articles, often written in cooperation with others, and studying episodes of backfire http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/backfire.html Meier, Patrick Philippe. "Communication Technology, Repressive Hierarchies and Defiant Networks: Is the State or Civil Society Winning the Information Race?" Paper presented at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Meier is carrying out on case studies of Burma, Iran, Tunisia and Zimbabwe, including movement use of and regime counter-measures against facebook, twitter, blogging, cellphone texting, etc. See his webpage: http://irevolution.wordpress.com Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 424 In addition to introductory and concluding essays by the editors, and a bibliographical survey by April Carter, this book is mainly comprised of case studies by academic authorities: on Gandhi and India; the US Civil Rights Movement; the Northern Ireland Civil Rights movement; Soviet Leaders and the civil resistance in East-Central Europe 1968-91; Czechoslovakia 1968; Poland's Self-Limiting Revolution 1970-89; Portugal 1974-75; Iran 1977-79; the Philippines 1983-86; Chile 1983-88; Apartheid 1983-94; the Baltic states 1987-91; China 1989, German Democratic Republic 1989; Kosovo 1990-98; Serbia 1991-2000; Georgia 2003; Ukraine 2004 and Burma 2007. 'Symposium on Nonviolence - A Force More Powerful', in PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol 33 No 2, June 2000 Articles include: Peter Ackerman and Jack Duvall, 'Nonviolent Power in the Twentieth Century'; Doug McAdam and Sidney Tarrow, 'Nonviolence as Contentious Interaction'; Ted Robert Gurr, 'Nonviolence in Ethnopolitics: Strategies for the Attainment of Group Rights and Autonomy'; Gay W. Seidman, 'Blurred Lines: Nonviolence in South Africa'; Allison Calhoun-Brown, 'Upon This Rock: The Black Church, Nonviolence, and the Civil Rights Movement'; Anne N. Costain, 'Women's Movements and Nonviolence'; and Stephen Zunes, 'Nonviolent Action and Human Rights' The American Political Science Association has made all these available online at http://www.apsanet.org/section_658.cfm The article by McAdam and Tarrow is presented as part of their larger project with Charles Tilly, but actually discusses nonviolence more directly than their subsequent book: McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 407 Stephan, Maria J., ed., Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 344. A compilation of mostly recent articles on a range of movements and issues in the Middle East, but also including reprints of some previously hard-to-access pieces. Thalhammer, Kristina E., Kristina E. Thalhammer, Paula L. O'Loughlin, Myron Peretz Glazer, Penina Migdal Glazer, Sam McFarland, Sharon Toffey Shepela, and Nathan Stoltzfus, Courageous Resistance: The Power of Ordinary People, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 224
2. Gandhi and Gandhian campaigns Brown, Judith, "Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917-47: Key Issues" in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 43-57 Johnson, Richard L., ed., Gandhi's Experiments with Truth: Essential Writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi, Lanham MD, Lexington Books, 2005, pp. 408 Includes a selection of key texts from Gandhi with essays from Judith Brown, Richard Falk, Michael Nagler, Glenn Paige, Bhikhu Parekh and others.
3. Nonviolent (civilian) resistance and national defence
4. Nonviolent intervention and accompaniment See also entries from the seminar Unarmed Resistance: the transnational factor Blincoe, Nicholas, Hussein Khalili, Marissa McLaughlin, Radhika Sainath and Josie Sandercock, eds, Peace Under Fire: Israel, Palestine and the International Solidarity Movement, London, Verso, 2004, pp. 240 Boothe, Ivan and Lee A. Smiley, 'Privilege, Empowerment, and Nonviolent Intervention', Peace and Change, Vol 32 No. 1, January 2007, pp. 39-61 Argues that nonviolent interventions need to address the issue that the relative privilege of foreigners intervening can have a disempowering impact on local movements. (Ivan Boothe's senior honours thesis - Transnational Nonviolent Empowerment - is online at http://quixoticlife.net/journal/2005/04/09/transnational-nonviolent-empowerment) Clark, Howard, ed., People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity, London, Pluto, 2009, pp.250 Section II is dedicated to Nonviolent Intervention with the following contributions: Brian Martin, "Making accompaniment effective" Luis Enrique Eguren, "Developing strategy for accompaniment" Louise Winstanley, "With Peace Brigades International in Colombia" Christine Schweitzer, "Civilian Peacekeeping: Providing protection without sticks and carrots?" Rita Webb, "Making peace practical: with Nonviolent Peaceforce in Sri Lanka" Veronique Dudouet, "Cross-border nonviolent advocacy during the second Palestinian intifada: The International Solidarity Movement" Ann Wright, "The work of the Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI)" Angie Zelter, "International Women's Peace Service in Palestine" Kathy Kelly and Milan Rai, "Voices in the Wilderness: Campaigning against sanctions on Iraq, 1995-2005" Coy, Patrick, '"We Use It But We Try Not to Abuse It": Nonviolent Accompaniment and the Use of Privilege by Peace Brigades International', paper to American Sociological Association, Washington, DC, 13 August 2000, pp. 35, online at http://www.peacebrigades.org/1258.html Eguren, Enrique and Marie Caraj, NewProtection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Brussels, Protection Online, pp. 208, downloadable from http://www.protectionline.org, supersedes 2004 edition (also mentioned in Section I) Kelly, Kathy, Other lands Have Dreams: From Baghdad to Pekin Prison, Petrolia, CA, Counterpunch, 2006, pp. 173 Kathy Kelly was a participant in the Gulf Peace Team and later co-founded Voices in the Wilderness, breaking sanctions against Iraq. Kember, Norman, Hostage in Iraq, London, Darton Longman and Todd, 2007, pp. 224 Personal account by member of Christian Peacemaker Team supporter taken hostage in Iraq Mahony, Liam, Proactive Presence: Field strategies for civilian protection, Geneva, Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2006, pp. 160, downloadable from http://www.hdcentre.org Mahony, Liam, Human Rights defenders under attack, London, Peace Brigades International-UK, pp. 20 downloadable from http://www.peacebrigades.org/publications/books-from-pbi Marking PBI's 25th anniversary, introduces theory behind PBI's work and describes their work in Guatemala, El Salvador, Sri Lanka, North America, Haiti, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico and Nepal. Mueller, Barbara, The Balkan Peace Team 1994-2001: Non-violent Intervention in Crisis Areas with the Deployment of Volunteer Teams, Stuttgart, ibidem-Verlag, 2006, pp. 284 Schirch, Lisa, Civilian Peacekeeping: Preventing Violence and Making Space for Democracy, Uppsala, Life and Peace Institute, 2006, pp. 118, downloadable from http://www.life-peace.org Updated from Schirch's 1995 text Keeping the Peace Schweitzer, Christine, ed., Civilian Peacekeeping: a Barely Tapped Resource, Wahlenau: Institut fuer Friedensarbeit und Gewalfreie Konfliktaustragung in cooperation with Nonviolent Peace Force,2009, pp. 78. Online at http://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org/civilian-peacekeeping-barely-tapped-resource Contributions from Rolf Carriere, Rachel Julian, Christine Schweitzer and Tim Wallis. Addresses issues around international security and the role of global civil society, drawing especially on the experience of Nonviolent Peaceforce. Wallis, Tim and Claudia Samayoa (eds), 'Civilian Peacekeepers: Creating a Safe Environment for Peacebuilding' in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema and Juliette Verhoeven (eds), Peace Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp. 363-393, editorial introduction plus four articles on Balkan Peace Team, Peace Brigades International in Colombia, Witness for Peace in Nicaragua, and the Bantay Cease-fire in the Philippines Wittner, Lawrence S, 'The Forgotten Alliance of African Nationalists and Western Pacifists, George Mason University's History News Network, at http://hnn.us/articles/36279.html See also Yates and Chester, The Troublemaker below for more detail on Michael Scott's role, and Carter, April, 'The Sahara Protest Team', in either Hare and Blumberg Liberation Without Violence: A third Party Approach, pp. 126-156, or in Moser-Puangsuwan and Weber (eds) Nonviolent Intervention Across Borders: a recurrent vision, pp. 235-254 (both Section A.4 in original bibliography) Yates, Anne and Lewis Chester, The Troublemaker: Michael Scott and His Lonely Struggle Against Injustice, Foreword by Desmond Tutu, London, Aurum, 2006, pp. 338, listed under Nonviolent intervention as he was co-chair of the World Peace Brigade and had a long history of transnational activism, especially concerning Southern Africa.
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Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 11 No 2, June 2006, pp. 195 - 212 Kramer, Mark, "The Dialectics of Empire: soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968-91" in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 91-109 Tickle, Andrew and Ian Welsh (eds), Environment and Society in Eastern Europe, London, Longman, 1988, pp. 208 'shows how environmental activism maintained an immanent civil society' during Communism - chapters on Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Russia b. Literature on the revolutions of 1989-90 Kenney, Padraic, A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 352 Oberschall, Anthony, 'Opportunities and framing in the Eastern European revolts of 1989', in McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald (eds),Comparative Perspectives on Social movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 93-121 Emphasises the importance of the nonviolent moral force 'against a fore that held all the cards but one: It had organization, a police and an army, and the mass media, but it lacked moral authority for governance' Saxonberg, Steven, The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Polands, hdbk Amsterdam, Harwood Academic, 2001, pbk Routledge, 2004, pp. 434 Ch 10 titled 'Nonviolent Revolutions' compares Czechoslovakia and the GDR
2. Baltic States, 1944-91 Anusauskas, Arvydas, ed., The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States: Genocide and Resistance, Vilnius. Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania, 3rd edn, 2001, pp. 272 Beissinger, Mark, "The Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States, 1987-91", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, `- 231-246 Ruutel, Arnold, Statement at conference of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation international conference on Nonviolence and Conflict, pp 42-45 Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Nonviolence and Conflict: Conditions for effective peaceful change, The Hague, UNPO, 1997, online at http://www.unpo.org/downloads/nonviolencereport97.pdf
3. Czechoslovakia, 1948-99 a. The Prague Spring and resistance to occupation, 1968-69 Williams, Kieran, The Prague and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics 1968-70, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 288 Williams, Kieran, "Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to 'Velvet Revolution', 1968-89", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 110-126 b. 'Normalization' to the Velvet Revolution, 1970-89 Saxonberg, Steven, 'The "Velvet Revolution" and the Limits of Rational Choice Models', Czech Sociological Review, VII, 1/1999, pp. 23-36
4. East Germany (GDR), 1945-89 Dale, Gareth, Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-89, London, Frank Cass, 2004, pp. 256 Maier, Charles S., Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 464 Maier, Charles S., "Civil Resistance Civil Society: Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 260-276 a. The 1953 uprising b. The rise of dissent to the fall of the Berlin Wall, 1960s to 1989 Dale, Gareth, The East German Revolution of 1989, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2007, pp. 256 Final part of Dale trilogy (after Popular Protest and Between State Capitalism and Globalisation: the Collapse of the East German Economy, Peter Lang, 2004 Meier, Charles S, "Civil Resistance and Civil Society: Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 260-276 Opp, Karl-Dieter, 'Repression and Revolutionary Action: East Germany in 1989', Rationality and Society, Vol 6 No 1, 1994, pp 101-138
5. Hungary, 1947-89 a. Destalinization and revolution, 1953-56 b. Gradual growth of dissent, 1960-89
6. Poland, 1945-89 a. Destalinization and mass resistance, 1953-56 b. Reaction and developing dissent, 1960s and 1970s c. Solidarity: from opposition to government, 1980-89 Barker, Colin, 'Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power: The Making of Solidarity at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, Poland, August 1980', in Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds, Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 175-194 Kaminski, Bartlomiej, The Collapse of State Socialism: the Case of Poland, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992, pp. 288 Ost, David, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968, Philadelphia PA, Temple University Press, 1990, pp. 279 Smolar, Aleksander, "Towards 'Self-limiting Revolution': Poland, 1970-89", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 127-144
7. Romania, 1945-89
8. Soviet Union, 1945-91 a. Growing dissent, 1965-84 b. The Gorbachev years and popular protest, 1985-90; and resisting the the 1991 coup Beissinger, Mark R, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 520 The author's databases on "Mass Demonstrations and Mass Violent Events in the Former USSR, 1987-1992" can be downloaded from http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/research.htm They include information on 6,663 protest demonstrations and 2,177 mass violent events across the entire territory of the former Soviet Union from January 1987 through December 1992. Zdravomyslova, Elena, 'Opportunities and framing in the transition to democracy: The case of Russia' in in McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald (eds),Comparative Perspectives on Social movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 122-137 Discusses 'political cycles', and especially 'protest cycles', from 1955 to 1991, going into detail specifically about the Soviet-wide Democratic Union and the Leningrad People's Front
9. Yugoslavia, 1945-90 a. Two stages of reform: 1950-54 and 1960s; and dissent 1960s-70s b. Post-Tito politics in the 1980s
II. China and Tibet, from 1947 1. China a. The Hundred Flowers Movement, 1956-57 b. The Democracy Movement, 1976-79 c. Tiananmen, The mass protests of 1989 Goldman, Merle, "The 1989 Demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and Beyond: Echoes of Gandhi", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp.. 247-259 Zhao, Dingxin The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (cloth), 2004 (paper), pp. 456 d. China since 1990 Chase, Michael S, and James C. Mulvenon, You've Got Dissent! Chinese Dissident Use of the Internet and Beijing's Counter-Strategies, Santa Monica CA, RAND, 2002, pp. 132 Fayong Shi and Youngshun Cai, 'Disaggregating the State: Networks and Collective Resistance in Shanghai', The China Quarterly, Vol 186, (2006), pp 314-332 Study of Shanghai home owners' resistance that suggests that fragmentation of state power at local level provides opportunities for resistance, and that its success may be helped by social networks between participants of collective action and officials or media workers. See also Fayong, Shi, 'Social Capital and Collective Resistance in Urban China Neighborhoods: a comunity movement in Shanghai', Working Paper No. 169, Dept of Sociology, National University of Singapore, 2004, pp.43, downloadable from Sociology Blog Singapore socioblogsg.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/shi_wp_169.pdf Friedman, Edward, Paul G. Pichowicz and Mark Selden, Revolution, Resistance and Reform in Village China, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2005, pp. 368 Jianrong, Yu, 'Social Conflict in Rural China', China Security, Vol 3 No 2, Spring 2007, pp. 2-17, online at http://www.wsichina.org/cs6_1.pdf O'Brien, Kevin J. and Lianjiang Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China, New York and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 201 O'Brien, Kevin J., Popular Protest in China, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2008, pp. 278 Perry, Elizabeth J. and Mark Selden, Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance, London, Routledge, 2nd edition 2003, p. 296 First edition included in printed bibliography, now with additional chapters on Falun Gong, Christianity and land struggles. Stalley, Phillip and Dongning Yang, 'An Emerging Environmental Movement in China?', The China Quarterly, Vol 186, (2006), pp. 333-356 Tai, Zixue The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society, London, Routledge, 2006, pp. 365 Yan, Huang and Guo Qeiqing, 'The Transnational Network and Labor Rights in China', China Rights Forum, 2006, No 3, pp. 57-62, available on line a http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.3.2006/CRF-2006-3_Transnational.pdf Journal of Democracy, July 2009, Vol. 20 No. 3, contains a section on 'China since Tiananmen', covering different sources of opposition - labour, rural, human rights activism, and online activism, pp. 5-40 pp. 5-40 'China since Tiananmen' covering different sources of opposition, laour, rural, human rights activism, online activism. Journal of Democracy, July 2009, Vol. 20 No. 3,
2. Tibet
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D. Resisting Rigged Elections, Oppression, Dictatorship, or Military Rule ‘People power’ has become increasingly controversial because - since the ‘colour revolutions’ in former Soviet states, which received direct and indirect support from the US Administration - it is often associated with pro-Washington movements. (See for example Mark Almond, ‘”People power” is a global brand owned by America’, Guardian (15 August 2006), stressing the bias in treatment of popular protests by the western mass media.) However, the degree and significance of western government support in particular cases is itself much debated, and whilst all external intervention should certainly be assessed critically, the bibliography seeks to cover any genuine example of popular nonviolent resistance. Moreover, people power is also being used against governments supported by Washington, for example Azerbaijan (in the former Soviet Union) and Mexico – if they are under-reported in the mainstream media it is important to record the relevant sources. The civil resistance in Nepal has been widely welcomed, especially on the left. A new sub-section - VI. 'Democracy promotion' and Assistance to Nonviolent Movements - is now included specifically to discuss these issues of external support.
I. Africa We are particularly interested to receive references for material on campaigns of civil resistance and episodes of people's power in more African countries. See Section I: Preparation and Training for Nonviolent Action, for more detail on the series produced by the University of Peace Africa Programme: King, Mary E. (series editor), Nonviolent Transformation of Conflict - Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, downloadable from http://www.africa.upeace.org/resources.cfm
1. South Africa, Resisting apartheid to 1994 a. Internal resistance Presbey, Gail M. 'Evaluating the Legacy of Nonviolence in South Africa', Peace & Change, Vol 31 No 2, 2006, pp. 141–174 Evaluates claims that 'nonviolence, if adhered to more resolutely, would have ended apartheid sooner', reminding readers of the high level of support for the ANC's armed wing. Suggests that, despite some over-simplications, the claims for nonviolence are perhaps speculative but are also plausible. Calls for an expanded concept of active nonviolence and in the future a broader about strategic options. Lodge, Tom, "The Interplay of Nonviolent and Violent Actions in the Movement against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983-94" in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 213-230 South African History Online - rewriting history, critically examining our past, strengthening the teaching of history - has sections on people, places and timelines, plus links to SAHO Special Projects on Passive Resistance, including Passive Resistance 1946: a selection of documents compiled by E.S Reddy and Fatima Meer. b. External boycotts c. Resisting South African military policies Conway, Daniel, ‘Contesting the Masculine State: White Male War Resisters in Apartheid South Africa’, in Zalewski, M. and J- Parpart, J., eds., Rethinking the Man Question: Sex, Gender and Violence in International Relations London, Zed Press, 2008,.pp. 127-142
2. Zimbabwe, Resisting Mugabe’s autocracy since 2000 Cherry, Janet, "Zimbabwe - Unarmed resistance, civil society and limits of international solidarity", in Clark, Howard (ed.), People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity (London: Pluto, 2009), pp. 50-63. Account written during the post-electoral negotiations in 2008 but looking electoral issues to the role of civil society in democratic transformation. In the same volume is Carter, April and Janet Cherry, "Worker solidarity and civil society cooperation: Blocking the Chinese arms shipment to Zimbabwe, April 2008", pp. 191-192 International Crisis Group, Zimbabwe: An End to the Stalemate?, Pretoria/Brussels, Africa Report No 122, March 2007, pp. 23, downloadable from http://www.crisisgroup.org Follows up Zimbabwe: An Opposition Strategy, Africa Report No 117, August 2006, which calls on the democratic opposition to formulate a strategy of nonviolent resistance United States Institute of Peace, Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change, Special Report No 109, August 2003, pp. 16, downloadable from http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr109.html Wokoma, Iyenemi, 'Zimbabwe: Women of Zimbabwe Arise WOZA' in George-Williams (ed) ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, 2006, pp. 95-98, book online at http://www.upeace.org/library/documents/nvtc_bite_not_one_another.pdf
3. Other Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 333 Chapter 3, ' Africa's divergent Transitions 1990-94' is a comparison of the different phases and paths of transition in various countries Clark, John F. and David E. Gardinier, Political reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1997, pp. 354 Part Two. (pp 43-126) has chapters dedicated to 'peaceful regime change' in Benin, Congo, Niger and the Central African Republic Edozie, Rita Kika, People Power and Democracy: The Popular Movement Against Military Despotism in Nigeria 1989-1999, Trenton NJ, Africa World Press, 2001, pp. 480 George-Williams, Desmond, 'Noncooperation and Junta Rule in Sierra Leone 1997' in George-Williams (ed), ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, 2006, pp. 61-67, book online at http://www.upeace.org/library/documents/nvtc_bite_not_one_another.pdf, and also 'Madagascar: the Soft Revolution', pp. 75-79 Howard, Marc Morje and Philip G. Roesser, ‘Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50 (April 2006), pp. 365-81 Makes comparisons between post-communist regimes and Sub-Saharan Africa
II. Asia With the addition of East Timor, Indonesia and Kashmir, the numbering in this section of the update differs from the printed bibliography. Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan are included under "Post-Soviet Regimes" Section III. Europe. Boudreau, Vincent Resisting Dictatorship Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 306 Highly regarded study based on first-hand research compares strategies of repression and protest in post-war Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines.
1. Burma, Resisting military dictatorship 1988, and ongoing protest Andrieux, Aurelie, Diana Sarosi and Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan, Speaking Truth to Power: The Methods of Nonviolent Struggle in Burma, Bangkok, Nonviolent International Southeast Asia, 2005, pp. 76, downloadable from http://www.nonviolenceinternational.net The Burma Campaign UK, Pro-Aid, Pro-Sanctions-Pro-Engagement, London, July 2006, pp. 17 Position paper on humanitarian assistance to Burma, downloadable from http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/pm/reports.php Callahan, Mary, 'Riddle of the Tatmadaw', New Left Review, No 60 Nov/Dec 2009, pp.27-64 Fink, Cristina, Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule, London, Zed, 2009 (2nd edn), pp.320 Fink, Christina, "The Moment of the Monks: Burma, 2007", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 354-370 International Crisis Group, Myanmar: New Threats to Humanitarian Aid, Yangon/Brussels, Asia Briefing No 58, December 2006, pp. 17, downloadable from http://www.crisisgroup.org Discusses the restricted space for humanitarian agencies under pressure from the military regime and the complications of applying the norms proposed by pro-democracy groups Moser-Puangsuwan, Yeshua, "Burma - Dialogue with the Generals: The sound of one hand clapping" in Clark, Howard (ed.), People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity (London: Pluto, 2009), pp. 39-49. Includes comparison with resistance in Tibet. Oishi, Mikio, "Creating a 'Ripe Moment' in the Burmese conflict through nonviolent action", Social Alternatives, Vol 21 No 2, 2002, pp. 52-60 The same author's "Nonviolent Struggle of the Burmese People for Democracy", a paper submitted to the 1998 International Peace Research Association Conference, is online at http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199807/msg00586.html Chenoweth, Erica and Maria Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, New York, Columbia University Press, 2011, pp. 172-191. Burma 1988 is one of the four case studies in the book, and one of the three in the earlier article: Stephan, Maria J and Erica Chenoweth, "Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict", International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 7–44, online at http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/IS3301_pp007-044_Stephan_Chenowet... Wintle, Justin, Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi, London, Hutchinson (Random House), 2007, pp. 480 ALTSEAN Burma (Alternative ASEAN network on Burma) includes special material on the Saffron revolution and a monthly Burma bulletin. http://www.altsean.org
2. East Timor Fukuda, Chisako M. 'Peace through Nonviolent Action: the East Timorese Resistance Movement's Strategy for Engagement', Pacifica Review Vol. 12 No 1, Feb 2000, pp. 17-31 Martin, Brian, 'Dili', Ch. 3 , pp. 23-33, in Justice Ignited: the Dynamics of Backfire, Lanham MA, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. An earlier discussion of the Dili massacre and 'backfire' was in Hess, David and Brian Martin, 'Repression, backfire, and the theory of transformative events', Mobilization, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2006, pp. 249-267, a version of which is at http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/06mobilization.html. Also see Martin, Brian, Wendey Varner and Adrian Vickers 'Political Jiu-Jitsu against Indonesian Repression: Studying Lower-Profile Nonviolent Resistance', Pacifica Review Vol. 13 No. 2,June 2001, pp. 143-156, a version of which is at http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01pr.html Mason, Christine, 'Women, Violence and Nonviolent Resistance in East Timor', Journal of Peace Research, vol 42, no 46, 2005, pp. 737-749 Montiel, Cristina Jayme, "Political psychology of nonviolent democratic transitions in Southeast Aisa", Journal of Social Issues, Vol 62 No 1, Feb 2006, pp 173-190 Simpson, Brad, 'Solidarity in an Age of Globalization: The Transnational Movement for East Timor and US Foreign Policy', Peace & Change,Vol. 29, No. 3&4, July 2004, pp. 453-482, online at www.etan.org/etanpdf/pdf1/solidarityinage.pdf Stephan, Maria J, 'Fighting for Statehood: the role of civilian-based resistance in the East Timorese, Palestinian and Kosovo Albanian self-determination movements', Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (Tufts University), vol 30:2, summer 2006, pp. 57-79, downloadable from http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org East Timor is also discussed in Stephan, Maria J and Erica Chenoweth, "Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict", International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 7–44, online at http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/IS3301_pp007-044_Stephan_Chenowet... Tanter, Richard, Mark Selden and Stephen R. Shalom, eds, Bitter Flowers, Sweet Flowers: East Timor, Indonesia, and the World Community Lanham MA, Rowman & Littlefield 2001), pp. 312 Part I - 'East Timor: Resistance, Repression, and the Road to Independence' - focuses particularly on the role of the National Council of Timorese Resistance, the Catholic Church and the student movement.
3. Indonesia: Toppling Suharto in 1998' Aspinall, Edward, Herb Feith and Gerry van Klinken (eds), The Last Days of Suharto, Melbourne, Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, 1999. Boudreau, Vincent, Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, CUP, 2004, pp.290. This is a comparative study of the democracy movements in Indonesia, Burma and the Philippines from a social movement theoretical perspective. It charts the historical evolution in these states since the end of colonialism, and in the case of Indonesia examines the Sukarno years, the 1965 coup and anticommunist massacres, initial students protests in the 1970s under Suharto, and the compexities of the party politics in the 1980s and 1990s. Chapter 10 'Indonesia's Democracy Protests' (pp 215-37) cover the build-up of resistance to Suharto, the role of the student demonstrations and the end of the Suharto regime. Forrester, Geoff and R.J. May (eds), The Fall of Soeharto, Bathurst, Crawford House, 1998. Martin, Brian, Wendy Varney and Adrian Vickers, "Political Jiu-Jitsu Against Indonesian Repression: Studying Lower Profile Nonviolent Resistance", Pacifica Review, vol 13, no 2, June 2001, pp. 143-56. This article compares the problems of resisting repression inside Indonesia 1965-66 and in East Timor after 1975 with the successful protests against Suharto in 1998. For wider background analysis see: Anderson, Benedict (ed), Violence and the State in Suharto's Indonesia, Ithaca, Cornell University, Southeast Asia Progress Press, 2001 Vatikiotis, Michael R.J., Indonesian Politics under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order, 3rd edition, London, Routledge, 1998
4. Jammu and Kashmir Since the alleged rigging of the 1987 elections, Indian-ruled Jammu and Kashmir has been a site of simmering conflict, with the Indian security forces enjoying special powers since 1990. The massive protests of August 2008 began in reaction to the transfer of land to the organisers of a Hindu pilgrimage, but quickly widened to embrace the demand for "Azadi" (Freedom). On occasions, Indian security forces opened fire killing unarmed protesters. Roy, Arundhati, "Azadi", in Listening to Grasshopers: Field notes on Democracy, London, Hamish Hamilton, 2009,pp. 161-178 This essay first appeared The Guardian (London) on 22 August 2008 and the Indian magazine Outlook on 1 September 2008. Roy touches on Kashmir in other essays in Listening to Grasshoppers.
5. Korea (South), Demanding democracy, 1979-80 and 1986-87
6. Pakistan, Resisting military rule, 1968 and 1980s
7. Nepal, 1990 and 2006

Nepal’s successful Movement for the Restoration of Democracy in April 1990, which led to a new constitution limiting the powers of the King, was noted briefly in the main bibliography. However, successive democratic governments of the 1990s failed to deliver any material difference to the people and the politicians themselves became increasingly corrupt. In 1996 the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) declared a ‘People’s War’. This did not receive international attention until after November 2001 but was extremely successful, and by 2003 the Maoists controlled the majority of rural Nepal.

In June 2001 King Gyanendra had succeeded to the throne after a palace massacre in which his brother, then King, was murdered. King Gyanendra proved ambitious for power, and using the crisis of the civil war as an opportunity, he dissolved Parliament in October 2002. He dismissed the Prime Minister, taking absolute monarchical power, in February 2005.

In April 2006 a mass movement (in which democrats and Maoists both participated), engaged in prolonged strikes and demonstrations which forced the king to reinstate parliament and to agree to elections to a constituent assembly to redraft the constitution. The newly elected parliament entered into negotiations with the Maoists, culminating in an agreed peace deal in November 2006. a. 1990 Routledge, Paul, 'A spatiality of resistances: theory and practice in Nepal's revolution in 1990', in S. Pile and M. Keith (eds.), Geographies of Resistance, London, Routledge, 1997 b. 2006 Daly, Tom, ‘Unarmed resistance in Nepal’, Peace News, no. 2478, October 2006, p.5. Report by observer inside Nepal. International Crisis Group, Asia Report no 115, ‘Nepal: From People Power to Peace?’, 10 May 2006 (available at www.crisisgroup.org) Notes that ‘the people at large’, not just the democratic political parties and the Maoists, ‘forced the king’s final climb down’. Navin, Mishra, Nepal: Democracy in Transition, Delhi, Authorspress, 2006, pp. 295 Discusses historical background since 1951, the evolution of parliamentary democracy from 1991-2001 and examines in detail the royal takeover and war with the Maoists Prateek Pradhan, ‘Nepal’s unfinished democratic revolution’, South Asian Journal, no. 13 (July-Sept 2006), pp. 14-23. US Institute of Peace , Washington DC, Briefing August 2005, ‘Rule of Law and Human Rights Challenges’ by Christine Fair, Kerem Levitas and Collette Rauch. Brief analysis of gaps in 1990 Constitution and of the King’s February 2005 coup removing the Prime Minister. (available at: http://www.usip.org) Vishwakarma, RK., People’s Power in Nepal, New Delhi, Manak Publications, 2006. Vanaik, Achin, 'The New Himalayan Republic', New Left Review, No. 49, Jan/Feb 2008, pp. 47-72. Analyses the '8Second Democratic Revolution' of April 2006, which led to the end of the Nepali Monarchy in December 2007, and the historical background to the Revoloution, with a particular focus on the role of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
8. Philippines a. Resisting Marcos, 1983-86 Mendoza Jr, Amado, "'People Power' in the Philippes, 1983-86", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 179-196 Chenoweth, Erica and Maria Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, New York, Columbia University Press, 2011, pp. 147-171. Philippines 1983-86 is one of the four case studies in the book, and one of the three in the earlier article: Stephan, Maria J and Erica Chenoweth, "Why Civil Resistance Works: the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict", International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 7–44, online at http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/IS3301_pp007-044_Stephan_Chenowet... b. Challenging Estrada, 2001, and later mass demonstrations Tilly, Charles, Social movements, 1768-2004, Boulder CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004, pp. 204. Chapter 5, pp. 95-122, 'Social Movements enter the Twenty-First Century', takes as its starting point the January 2001 text-message in Manila, 'Go EDSA, Wear blck' and goes on to discuss the relationship between social movements and communications technology with further details on unrest in Manila
9. Taiwan, 1970s and 1980s
10. Thailand The entry in the main bibliography ends with successful people power against military government in 1992 and noted that Thailand’s history of frequent military coups seemed to have ceased. But the military did intervene again in Thai politics in September 2006 to overthrow the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. The coup had the backing of the king, who is popular and exerts extra-ordinary moral authority in Thailand, and was tacitly supported by residents of Bangkok, though there was some student protest.

The lack of urban resistance to the military takeover was due to the growing opposition to Thaksin, a former telecom tycoon, who as prime minister after 2000 won loyalty among the poor in the countryside through his health reforms, but was increasingly distrusted by the urban middle class for his authoritarian style and human rights violations (for example use of martial law to crush Muslim resistance in the south, and later declaration of a state of emergency) and for corruption and cronyism. When he called an unexpected election in April 2006 to bolster his authority the opposition parties boycotted it and it was annulled. The army stepped in to prevent Thaksin being returned to power again by the rural vote in a re-run election.

Urban protests in Thailand occurred early in 2006 in sustained protests against the Thaksin regime (before the military coup). The anti-Thaksin movement was launched in September 2005, and in the spring of 2006 hundreds of thousands protested in Bangkok. However, Thaksin still seems to retain the support of many of the rural people, who form the majority.
a. Demanding democracy 1973 and 1992 b. 2005 and 2006 Kasian, Tejapira, ‘Toppling Thaksin’, New Left Review II no. 39 (May/June) 2006, pp. 5-37. Analyses mounting opposition up to April 2006. Lintner, Bertil, ‘Thais call truce’, World Today vol. 62, no. 4 (April 2006), pp. 20-21. On mass urban protest against Thaksin. McGirk, Jan, ‘Advance of the Dharma Army’, Independent, (15 March 2006), pp. 28-29 Pongsudhirak,Thitinan, 'Thailand since the Coup', Journal of Democracy, October 2008, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 140-153
III. Europe This section includes a group "Post-Soviet Regimes" not in the original bibliography, including Asian former republics of the Soviet Union
1. Former Yugoslavia after 1990 a. Serbia, Resisting Milosevic 1996-2000 Collin, Matthew, This is Serbia Calling: Rock 'n' Roll Radio and Belgrade's Underground Resistance, 2nd edition, London, Five Star, 2004, pp. 282 Updated story of Radio B92 to 2004 Collin Matthew, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions, London, Serpent's Tail, 2007, pp. 224 Ilic, Vladimir, Otpor – In or Beyond Politics, Belgrade, Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, Helsinki Files No 5, 2001. Online at: http://www.helsinki.org.yu/publications.html Jovanovic, Milja, 'Rage Against the Regime: the Otpor Movement in Serbia', in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema and Juliette Verhoeven (eds), Peace Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp. 545-551 Nenadic, Danijela and Nenad Belcevic, "Serbia - Nonviolent sruggle for democracy: The role of Otpor", in Clark, Howard (ed.), People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity (London: Pluto, 2009), pp 26-35. Former Otpor activists assess its role and criticisms made of the group. Accompanied by critical reflections on "Serbia eight years after" by Ivana Franovic (pp. 35-38) Smiljanic, Zorana, Plan B: Using Secondary Protests to Undermine Repression, Minneapolis, New Tactics in Human Rights/Centre for Victims of Torture, 2003, pp. 23, online at http://www.newtactics.org/sites/newtactics.org/files/resources/Smiljanic_PlanB_update2007.pdf Specifically on Otpor's demonstrations at police stations to mark the arrest of activists. Vejvoda, Ivan, "Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic: Serbia, 1991-2000", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 295-316 On Otpor's use of humour, see Majken Jul Soerensen as listed under dissertations or click here b. Kosovo, Resisting Serbian oppression 1988-98 Clark, Howard, "The Limits of Prudence: Civil Resistance in Kosovo, 1990-98", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 277-294 Kostovicova, Denisa, Kosovo: the politics of identity and space, London and New York, Rouledge, 2005, pp. 322. Particular emphasis on education and on ethnic segregation See Stephan, Maria J, 'Fighting for Statehood' in Section D. II. 2.
2. Greece, Resisting the Colonels, 1967-74
3. Spain, Resisting Franco up to 1975 Johnston, Hank, Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939-1979, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1991, pp. 261 A study much-cited in the social movement literature on 'framing', Johnston analyses the contribution of resistant sub-cultures under Francoism to the eventual resurgence of Catalan opposition.
4. Post-Soviet Regimes It makes sense to group these together, even though Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan are not European but Asian. a. Comparative Assessments Beissinger, Mark R, 'Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions', Perspectives on Politics, Vol 5 No 2, June 2007, pp 259-276 Bunce, Valerie J., Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, eds., Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 360. Examines post-1989 "waves of change" in former Communist nations. Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik, Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Post-Communist Countries, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 384 Discusses electoral defeats of authoritarian leaders from 1998 to 2005 (Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrygzstan), but also unsuccessful movements in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus. Analyses local and international actors, and draws comparisons with other parts of the world. The publishers highlight three conclusions: "First, the opposition was victorious because of the hard and creative work of a transnational network composed of local opposition and civil society groups, members of the international democracy assistance community and graduates of successful electoral challenges to authoritarian rule in other countries. Second, the remarkable run of these upset elections reflected the ability of this network to diffuse an ensemble of innovative electoral strategies across state boundaries. Finally, elections can serve as a powerful mechanism for democratic change. This is especially the case when civil society is strong, the transfer of political power is through constitutional means, and opposition leaders win with small mandates." Some other relevant articles by Bunce and Wolchik: Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik, ‘Favourable conditions and electoral revolutions’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17 no. 4 (October 2006), pp. 5-18. Analysis of ‘second wave of democratization’ in post-communist states and why conditions in these states favourable to success, compared for example with failure of protests over fraudulent elections in Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Cote d’Ivoire. Bunce, Valerie and Sharon Wolchik, ‘International diffusion and postcommunist electoral revolutions’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 39 no. 3 (September 2006) , pp. 283-304. Contribution to Special issue ‘Democratic Revolutions in Post-Communist States’ edited by Taras Kuzio. Discusses five factors in the diffusion of electoral revolutions, including the development of civil society and networks between ‘international democracy promoters’. Bunce, Valerie and Sharon Wolchik, 'Postcommunist Ambiguities' Journal of Democracy, July 2009, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 93-107. Discusses why since 1996 some authoritarian rulers have been ousted but in Armenia, Azeraijan and Belarus opposition failed (in two successive elections in each country) to secure victory in their electoral challenges. Collin Matthew, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions, London, Serpent's Tail, 2007, pp. 224 Interviews activists from Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Belarus as well as Serbia D’Anieri, Paul, ‘Explaining the success and failure of post-communist revolutions’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (September 2006), pp. 331-50. Argues that while most studies focus on grassroots movements, elites – especially security services – are crucial in determining whether movements reach a ‘tipping point’. Illustrates argument by comparing two failed revolutions (Serbia 1996-97 and Ukraine 2001) with two successful revolutions (Serbia 2000 and Ukraine 2004-2005) Forbrig, Joerg and Pavol Demes (eds), Reclaiming Democracy: Civil Society and Electoral Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Washington, German Marshall Fund of USA, 2007, pp 254. First section includes contributions from Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Georgia and the Ukraine. Second section is comparative discussion on range of issues by authors including Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, Taras Kuzio and Vitali Siliski. Hale, Harry E., ‘Democracy, autocracy and revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia’, World Politics, vol. 58 no. 1 (October 2005), pp. 133-65. Includes references to Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Hale, Harry E. , ‘Democracy or autocracy on the march? The colored revolutions as normal dynamics of patronal presidentialism’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (September 2006), pp. 305-29. Argues that the ‘colour revolutions’ 2003-2005 were fundamentally succession struggles in ‘patronal presidential’ regimes rather than democratic breakthroughs, and therefore can result in retreat from democratic principles, as in Georgia. Howard, Marc Morje and Philip G. Roesser, ‘Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50 (April 2006), pp. 365-81 Makes comparisons between post-communist regimes and Sub-Saharan Africa Kalandadze, Katya and Mitchell Orenstein, 'Electoral Protests and Democratization: Beyond the Color Revolutions', Comparative Political Studies, Vol 42 No 11, Nov 2009, pp. 1403-1425. Earlier version (2007) online at http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/campbell/programs/sawyer/papers/SLAPP%2006-07/Kalandadze.pdf. Kuzio, Taras, ‘Civil society, youth and societal mobilization’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (September 2006), pp. 365-86. Examines the leading role of youth organizations - Otpor in Serbia (2000), Kmara in Georgia (2003) and Pora in Ukraine (2004) - and conditions for success, including training, western technical and financial assistance, choice of strategies and response of authorities. Nikolayenko, Olena, Youth Movements in Post-Communist Societies: A Model of Nonviolent Resistance, Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law (Stanford University), Working Paper No 114, June 2009, pp.50, online at http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/youth_movements_in_postcommunist_societies_a_model_of_nonviolent_resistance/ Tucker, Joshua A, 'Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and the Second Wave of Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions', Perspectives on Politics, September 2007, Vol 5 No 3, pp. 537-553. Downloadable from http://homepages.nyu.edu/~jat7/POP_5_3_Tucker.pdf Tudoriou, Theodor, 'Rose, Orange and Tulip: the failed post-Soviet revolutions', Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (2007), pp 315-342 Way, Lucan, 'The Real Causes of the Color Revolutions', Journal of Democracy, vol. 19. no. 3. July 2008, pp. 55-69; and follow-up debate: 'Debating the Color Revolutions', Journal of Democracy, vol. 20, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 69-97 (includes contributions from Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, Mark Beissinger, Charles Fairbanks, Vitali Silitski and Martin Dimitrou, with reply by Lucan Way). b. Azerbaijan

A campaign group (inspired by Georgia and later Ukraine) has been trying to promote popular resistance to electoral fraud and repression of opposition since 2003. But in this ex-Soviet state western governments are not actively encouraging opponents of the regime, because the Azerbaijan government is happy to supply oil and cooperate with the west in their anti-terrorism strategy.

Presidential elections in 2003 had confirmed Ilham Aliyev, son of President Heydar Aliyev (former First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party) as successor to his father. These elections were criticized by the OSCE, but accepted internationally, and left the electorate disillusioned and apathetic when parliamentary elections were called in November 2005. So only 50 per cent of the electorate voted. But the opposition Azadlig bloc ran 115 candidates and tried with public demonstrations to launch their own ‘orange revolution’. The OSCE and Council of Europe condemned human rights abuses and government manipulation of the elections, but western diplomats encouraged the opposition to limit their protest to the courts and authorized rallies. Alieva, Leila, ‘Azerbaijan’s frustrating elections’, Journal of Democracyl. 17 no. 2 (April 2006), pp. 147-60. Analysis of background and context of elections regime role and actions of the opposition. Bunce, Valerie and Sharon L. Wolchik, Azerbaijan's 2005 Parliamentary Elections: A Failed Attempt at Transition, Center on Democracy, Development and The Rule of Law (Stanford University) Working Paper No 89, September 2008, pp. 52, online at http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/azerbaijans_2005_parliamentary_elections__a_failed_attempt_at_transition/ International Crisis Group, ‘Azerbaijan’s 2005 Elections: Lost Opportunity’, Europe Briefing no. 40, (21 November 2005). Valiyev, Anar M., ‘Parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan: A failed revolution’, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 53 no 3 (May/June 2006), pp. 17-35. Argues that despite violence used against opposition and shattered hopes, the protests have promoted increased political participation. c. Belarus The emergence of protest in Belarus was noted very briefly in our original bibliography. This protest has now extended to opposition to electoral manipulation in the March 2006 presidential elections, but lack of success means the literature is still limited. Center for Political Education Minsk, The Fading Pillars of Power in Belarus: 100 Days of Milinkevich, Bratislava, Eurasian Home/Pontis Foundation’s Institute for Civic Diplomacy, 2006, pp. 12. Available at: www.eurasianhome.org/doc_files/100_days _of_ milinkevicz.pdf Marples, David R. ‘Color revolutions: The Belarus case’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (September 2006), pp. 351-64. Examines why protesters failed to achieve regime change in the 2006 presidential elections. Argues that the historical background of the regime, the popularity of the president, and electors’ concern with economic rather than democratic issues were all important. Also considers role of Russia and its ambivalence towards the Belarus regime. Silitski, Vitali, ‘Belarus: Learning from defeat’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17 no. 4 (October 2006), pp. 138-52. Examines presidential election of March 2006 and argues that, although the popular protests against abuses appeared to fail, they created a ‘network of solidarity’ and a ‘revolution of the spirit’. Silitski, Vitali, ‘Pre-empting Democracy: The Case of Belarus’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 16 no. 4, (October 2005), pp. 83-97 d. Georgia, Challenging ‘rigged’ elections 2003

The successful movement to contest the outcome of parliamentary elections in Georgia in 2003 by resorting to mass demonstrations, covered in the main bibliography, ignited a continuing debate about ‘people power’ protests which have diplomatic support and other forms of support from the west, and in particular the USA. There has also been time now to assess the effects of the ‘Rose Revolution’ on the subsequent regime. Amnesty Report, ‘Georgia: Torture and ill-treatment still a concern after the “Rose Revolution”’, London, International Section, 2005, pp. 62 Anable, David, "The Role of Georgia's Media - and Western Aid - in Georgia's Rose Revolution", The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 11, No. 3, 7-43 (2006). Same title online as Joan Shorenstein Center Working Paper No 3, 2006, at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/presspol/publications/papers.html, pp. 32 Coppieters, Bruno and Robert Levgold (eds.), Statehood and Security: Georgia After the Rose Revolution, Cambridge MA, MIT, 2005, pp. 406 Jawad, Pamela, Democratic consolidation in Georgia after the “Rose Revolution”?, Frankfurt, Peace Research Institute, 2005, pp. 48 Jones, Stephen, "Georgia's 'Rose Revolution' of 2003: Enforcing Peaceful Change", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 317-334 Kandelaki, Giorgi, Georgia’s Rose Revolution: A Participant’s Perspective, Washington DC, US Institute of Peace, Special Report no. 167, July 2006.

Account and analysis by a student leader and a founder of Kmara. Discusses background of Shevardnadze regime, comments on why protesters and the government avoided violence, assesses role of internal media (especially Rustavi-2), and argues that the role of foreign support was limited by lack of information and by caution. Summary and full report available from: www.usip.org Lansky, Miriam and Georgi Areshidze, 'Georgia's Year of Turmoil', Journal of Democracy, vol 19. no. 4, pp. 154-68. Summary: 'A domestic crisis began brewing in Georgia long before the current conflict with Russia. Since the Rose Revolution, the country has been troubled by flawed elections, a "superpresidency" and a malleable constitution'. Papava, Vladimir, ‘Becoming European: Georgia’s strategy for joining the EU’, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 35, no. 1 (Jan/Feb 2006), pp. 26-32. Examines political and economic impact of the ‘Rose Revolution’: the institutional reforms, new role for civil society and for business enterprises, paving the way for entry to EU. Welt, Cory, Regime Vulnerability and Popular Mobilization in Georgia's Rose Revolution, Center on Democracy, Development and The Rule of Law (Stanford University) Working Paper No 67, September 2006, pp.60, downloadable from http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/061005_ruseura_no67welt.pdf Includes discussion of US involvement and assesses the "Serbian factor" in diffusing strategic ideas. Wheatley, Jonathan, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution, London, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 252. Most of the book is on the period 1989-2002 and on the nature of the Shevardnadze regime, but chapter 6 covers ‘pressure from below’ and chapter 7 the ‘Rose Revolutio e. Kyrgyzstan

The confusing events surrounding the ‘Tulip Revolution’ against rigged elections in Kyrgyzstan in March 2005 are briefly outlined in the main bibliography (under the Asia section D.II.). The literature remains limited. The opposition has since Spring 2006 taken to the streets to demand further reforms, and mass demonstrations in early November called on the President to sign a new constitution limiting his powers. He did so on November 9, but tension between pro and anti-government demonstrators threatened political breakdown. International Crisis Group, Kyrgyzstan on the Edge, Asia Briefing no. 55, 9 November 2006. Summarizes developments in struggle for political reform in 2006. Kulikova, Svetlana V. and David D. Perlmutter, "Blogging Down the Dictator? The Kyrgyz Revolution and Samizdat Websites", International Communication Gazette, Feb 2007, vol. 69: pp. 29-50. Marat, Erica (ed.), The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan One Year After, James Foundation, 2006, pp. 151. A chronological collection of articles from Jamestown’s Eurasia Daily Monitor published electronically and available at: www.jamestown.org/images/pdf/Jamestown-TulipRevolution.pdf Radnitz, Scott, ‘What really happened in Kyrgyzstan?’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17 (April 2006), pp. 132-46 Stresses that the ‘Tulip Revolution’ was very different from other ‘colour revolutions’ and the importance of localism. f. Moldova Pippidi, Alina Mungui and Igor Monteanu, 'Moldova's "Twitter Revolution"', Journal of Democracy, July 2009, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 136-142 Covers mass protests in April 2009 against a disputed election and discusses why it failed. g. Ukraine, People power and elections, 2004-2005

The ‘Orange Revolution’ in the Ukraine in 2004-5 revealed some of the political complexities of ‘people power’ when there is an ideologically divided population. The original bibliography referenced some initial responses and debates between supporters of the protesters and critics on the left. More substantial academic analyses are listed below. Aslund, Anders and Michael McFaul, (eds.), Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine’s Democratic Breakthrough, Carnegie Endowment, 2006, pp. 216. Selection of essays including assessments of the role of civil society and of the youth group Pora, an examination of western influence, and a concluding analysis of the ‘revolution’ in comparative perspective. Binnendijk, Anika Locke and Ivan Marovic, ‘Power and persuasion: Nonviolent strategies to influence state security forces in Serbia (2000) and Ukraine (2004)’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, (September 2006), pp. 411-29. Examines the explicit strategies developed in both Serbia and Ukraine to increase costs of repression and reduce the willingness of state security forces to resort to violence. By combining degrees of persuasion and deterrence the organizers were able to avert major repression of their movements. D’Anieri, Paul, ‘What has changed in Ukrainian politics? Assessing the implications of the Orange Revolution’, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 52 no. 3 (Sept-Oct 2005), pp. 82-91. Goldstein, Joshua, The Role of Digital Networked Technologies in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution, Cambridge, MA, Berkman Center for Internet & Society Research Publication No 2007-14, 2007, pp. 20 (download gratis from ) Kempe, Iris and Iryna Solonenko, 'International Orientation and Foreign Support', pp. 109-148 in Kurth, Helmut and Iris Kempe (eds), Presidential Election and Orange Revolution: Implications for Ukraine's Transition, Kyiv, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2005, pp. 152 online at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/02938.pdf Kuzio, Taras and Paul D’Anieri (eds.), Special Issue ‘Ukraine: Elections and democratisation’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 38 no. 2 (June 2005), pp. 131-292. Much of this issue analyses the previous Kuchma regime and parliamentary elections in 1994, 1998 and 2002, but there are also two articles on the 2004 presidential elections and the impact of the ‘Orange Revolution’, one by Kuzio: ‘From Kuchma to Yushchenko’, pp. 229-44. Kuzio, Taras (ed.), Special issue of The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol 23 No 1, March 2007, on ‘Kuchmagate Crisis to Orange Revolution: Civil society, Elections and Democratisation in Ukraine’, with eight contributions analysing various aspects of Ukraine society from schools to rock 'n' roll, from politics to gender. Available as zipped pdf files from http://www.taraskuzio.net/journals/2007-march.zip Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2005, pp. 232. Lively analysis by academic expert on the country, stressing the complexity of Ukraine’s regional politics, and of the ‘Orange Revolution’ itself. Wilson, Andrew, "Ukraine's 'Orange Revolution' of 2004: The Paradoxes of Negotiation", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 335-353 Special issue of National Security and Defence, Kyiv, Razumkov Centre, No 5 (53), 2004, on 'External Factors in Presidential Elections', especially 'Actors, Goals and Mechanisms of External Influence', pp. 14-32, online at http://www.uceps.org/additional/NSD53_eng.pdf
IV. Latin America The introduction to this section in the printed bibliography includes a few references to Colombia, Guatemala and Venezuela. Here the numbering has been altered to include these countries in the hope of attracting more suggestions. For references to land occupations, go to section F.1
1. Argentina, Resisting the military dictatorship, 1977-81 Arditti, Rita, Searching for Life: The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the Disappeared Children of Argentina, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999, pp. 251 Bosco, Fernando, 'The Madres de Plaza de Mayo and Three Decades of Human Rights Activism: Embeddedness, Emotions and Social Movements, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol 96 No 2, 2006, pp. 342-365
2. Bolivia, Resisting repression, 1964-82
3. Brazil, Resisting military rule, 1964-85
4. Chile a. The right mobilizes against Salvador Allende, 1972-73 b. Resisting the Pinochet dictatorship, 1973-90 Angell, Alan, "International Support for the Chilean Opposition, 1973-1989: Political Parties and the Role of Exiles", in Whitehead, Laurence (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization, Europe and the Americas, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 175-200 Huneeus, Carlos, "Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983-88", in Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton-Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Nonviolent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 197-212
5. Colombia The term 'resistencia civil' is widely used in Colombia to refer to a strategy for peace based on a popular commitment to nonviolence and on non-cooperation with all the 'armed actors', state, paramilitary or guerrilla. Alther, Gretchen, John Lindsay-Poland, and Sarah Weintraub,Building from the Inside Out: Peace Initiatives in War-Torn Colombia, Philadelphia PA, American Friends Service Committee and Fellowship of Reconciliation, 2004, pp. 36. Online at http://www.forusa.org/programs/colombia/Buildingfrominsidefinal1.html Bouvier, Virginia M, Harbingers of Hope: Peace initiatives in Colombia, Washington, US Institute of Peace Special Report 169, august 2006, pp. 20, online at http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr169.pdf Bowen, Ceri and Mauricio Garcia-Duran, "Living And Resisting in the Shadow of the Colombian Conflict: Forcibly Displaced People seen through a Family Therapy Lens", Peace, Conflict and Development, Issue Five: July 2004, pp. 17, online at http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/edition/17 Garcia-Duran, "Colombia - Nonviolent movement for peace and international solidarity", in Clark, Howard (ed.), People Power: Unarmed Resistance and Global Solidarity (London: Pluto, 2009), pp. 64-75 Rojas, Catalina, 'Islands in the Stream: A Comparative analysis of Zones of Peace within Colombia's Civil War' in Hancock, Landon E. and Christopher Mitchell, eds, Zones of Peace, Bloomfield CT, Kumarian, 2007, pp. 71-89. This chapter is partly based on Rojas' article 'The People's Peace Processes: Local Resistance Processes and the Development of "Zones of Peace" in Colombia', Reflexión Política, vol 006 no 011 (junio 2004), pp. 70-87, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 6. Ecuador 2005 The Rebellion of the Forajidos (outlaws) brought to an end the presidency of Lucio Gutierrez, who had reneged on electoral promises over privatisation and was blatantly corrupt. The nonviolent revolt was triggered by a Supreme Court decision to drop charges against former President Abdala Bucaram, so permitting Bucaram's return to Ecuador. Leiter, Benjamin, "The Rebellion of the Forajidos: The Movement to Overthrow President Lucio Gutierrez", Nonviolent Social Change, No 34, 2007, at http://www.manchester.edu/academics/departments/peace_studies/bulletin/2007/articles/forajidos.htm
7. Guatemala Brockett, Charles D, Political Movements and Violence in Central America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 404 Analyzes the confrontation between popular movements - urban and rural - and repressive regimes, especially in El Salvador and Guatemala, in particular discussing the 'repression-protest paradox'
8. Mexico 2006

People power to contest rigged elections spread to Latin America when Lopez Obrador mobilized 500,000 and then a million demonstrators to protest in July 2006 against the dubious victory of Felipe Calderon in the presidential elections and called for a recount. But they failed to force the authorities to review the results. Here the left was protesting against a candidate favoured by Washington.

The presidential election protests are only one aspect of political ferment in Mexico in 2006 – Oaxaca city and province have been convulsed by protests, also partially inspired by anger at the fraudulent election of the governor in which 60 per cent of the people abstained. Unrest began in May when the teachers demanded a pay rise, and has over six months become a major popular revolt, which is creating its own democratic institutions. This has not been a strictly nonviolent rebellion – for example students and local citizens fought with the police to maintain their occupation of the university - but mass involvement has been encouraged by attempts at violent repression by the government. (Navarro, Luis Hernandez, ‘Popular revolt in Oaxaca’, Red Pepper, (Dec 2006/Jan 2007), pp. 34-35. Crotte, Salvador F, 'The Resistance', translated from Gatopardo, no 72, September 2006, in Mirada Global, http://www.miradaglobal.com Giordano, Al, ‘Mexico’s presidential swindle’, New Left Review, II no. 41 (Sept/Oct 2006), pp.5-27. Analysis of fraud and manipulation of elections to favour the ruling candidate Felipe Calderon and account of opposition’s response.

Latin American Perspectives, vol. 33 no. 2 (March 2006) This issue focuses on Mexican politics, society and economy and provides background to the July confrontation. Articles include: Rus, Jan and Miguel Tinker Solas, ‘Introduction. Mexico 2006-2007: High stakes, daunting challenges’, pp. 5-15; Gilly, Adolfo, ‘One triangle, two campaigns’, pp. 78-83; Semo, Enrique, ‘What is left of the Mexican Left?’, pp. 84-89.

Middlebrook, Kevin J., ‘Breakthrough or breakdown?’, World Today, vol. 62 no. 6 (June 2006), pp. 24-27. Article assessing background to July elections.

 

Quezada, Sergio Aguayo, ‘Mexico’s turbulent election ride’, OpenDemocracy.net, (16 May 2005) online Very brief commentary on background to July election, noting invitation to EU to observe it.

 

Ross, John, 'Mexican Civil Resistance in Five Acts', Counterpunch, 2 August 2006, at http://www.counterpunch.org/ross08012006.html
Rubio, Luis and Jeffrey Davidow, ‘Mexico’s disputed election’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 85 no.5 (Septermber/October 2006), p. 75-85. Argues that the July election represented a choice between continuing economic liberalization and a return to the past, but neither provide a solution to Mexico’s problems.

 

Whalen, Christopher, ‘Washington’s potential Mexico problem’, The International Economy, vol. 20 no. 2 (Spring 2006), pp. 40-44.

 

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